| Male | Female | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | OR | 95% CI for OR | OR | 95% CI for OR | OR | 95% CI for OR | OR | 95% CI for OR |
Adverse childhood experiences | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Frequency of food shortage (ref. not often/never) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Very often | 0.98 | [0.68,1.41] | 0.81 | [0.54,1.23] | 1.2 | [0.73,1.95] | 1.25 | [0.74,2.11] |
   Somewhat often | 1.12 | [0.84,1.48] | 1.01 | [0.74,1.38] | 0.98 | [0.64,1.50] | 0.97 | [0.64,1.49] |
Lived in a house with an alcoholic before age 10 years | 2.54** | [1.95,3.31] | 2.33** | [1.74,3.11] | 3.07** | [2.18,4.32] | 2.68** | [1.89,3.80] |
Physically abused before age 10 years | 1.53** | [1.17,2.00] | 1.49** | [1.13,1.97] | 2.08** | [1.44,3.00] | 1.94** | [1.35,2.80] |
Coerced into having first sex | 1.26 | [0.50,3.16] | 1.03 | [0.39,2.72] | 1.91* | [1.14,3.20] | 1.67†| [0.93,3.00] |
Sociodemographics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age | Â | Â | 1.24** | [1.17,1.32] | Â | Â | 1.03 | [0.93,1.13] |
Importance of religion (ref. very important) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Somewhat important |  |  | 1.51* | [1.05,2.18] |  |  | 0.93 | [0.57,1.51] |
   Not important/no religion |  |  | 1.35 | [0.79,2.33] |  |  | 1.33 | [0.67,2.65] |
In school (ref. out of school) | Â | Â | 0.56** | [0.41,0.77] | Â | Â | 0.51** | [0.33,0.78] |
Female-headed household (ref. male-headed household) | Â | Â | 0.8 | [0.54,1.18] | Â | Â | 1.31 | [0.87,1.97] |
Living arrangements (ref. both parents) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Mother only |  |  | 1.18 | [0.77,1.83] |  |  | 0.75 | [0.44,1.28] |
   Father only |  |  | 0.82 | [0.53,1.26] |  |  | 0.92 | [0.39,2.19] |
   Neither parent |  |  | 1.07 | [0.77,1.49] |  |  | 0.79 | [0.49,1.28] |
Rural resident (ref. urban resident) |  |  | 0.68†| [0.47,1.00] |  |  | 1.26 | [0.81,1.95] |
Ever married (ref. never married) | Â | Â | 1.78 | [0.77,4.13] | Â | Â | 1.01 | [0.54,1.89] |
Country of survey (ref. Burkina Faso) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Ghana |  |  | 2.41** | [1.52,3.81] |  |  | 2.35** | [1.47,3.76] |
   Malawi |  |  | 2.00* | [1.17,3.41] |  |  | 0.69 | [0.28,1.70] |
   Uganda |  |  | 3.73** | [2.44,5.70] |  |  | 2.81** | [1.70,4.63] |
Constant | 0.07** | [0.06,0.09] | 0.00** | [0.00,0.02] | 0.03** | [0.02,0.04] | 0.01** | [0.00,0.07] |
N | 4,968 | Â | 4,943 | Â | 4,851 | Â | 4,832 | Â |