The DSM-5 diagnosis of nonsuicidal self-injury disorder: a review of the empirical literature

Zetterqvist, Maria

doi:10.1186/s13034-015-0062-7

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

Table 1 Empirical studies of the nonsuicidal self-injury disorder diagnosis

From: The DSM-5 diagnosis of nonsuicidal self-injury disorder: a review of the empirical literature

References	Type of sample	Sample size (female %)	Age group Range Mean age (SD)	Country	NSSI criteria used	Prevalence (%)	Female (%) of those with NSSID	Instruments assessing NSSI disorder criteria
Albores-Gallo et al. [47]	School	533 (54)	Children and adolescents 11–17 years 13.37 (0.95)	Mexico	Shaffer and Jacobson^a (2009)	5.6	66.7	Self-Injury Questionnaire (self-report)
Andover [55]	Community	548 (46.5)	Adults 18–73 years 35.70 (12.23)	US	APA^b (2013)	2.6 (11.2 of those with an NSSI history)	50.0	Questions developed for DSM-5 criteria (self-report)
Barrocas et al. [48]	School	665 (55.0)	Children and adolescents 7–16 years 11.6 (2.4)	US	Shaffer and Jacobson^c (2009)	1.5		SITBI interview FASM CDI (self-report)
Bracken-Minor and McDevitt-Murphy [54]	College	480 (79.8)	Young adults 18–54 years 21.30 (5.69)	US	Shaffer and Jacobson^d (2009)	12.9^C		ISAS (self-report)
Fischer et al. [49]	Clinical inpatient	111 (65.8)	Adolescents 12–19 years 15.38 (1.72)	Germany	APA (2013)	36.9		SITBI interview
Glenn and Klonsky [23]	Clinical inpatient and partial hospitalization	198 (74)	Adolescents 12–18 years 15.13 (1.38)	US	Shaffer and Jacobson^e (2009)	50 (78 of self-injuring sample)	86.7	ISAS (self-report)
Gratz et al. [53]	Community	107 with NSSI (80)	Young adults 18–35 years 23.86 (4.87)	Canada and US	APA (2013)	37 of repetitive NSSI sample	85.0	CANDI Structured diagnostic interview
In-Albon et al. [50]	Clinical inpatient	73 (100)	Adolescents 13–18 years	Germany and Switzerland	APA (2012)	56.2	Only female sample	Clinical interview DSM-5 criteria reformulated questions
Manca et al. [14]	School	953	Adolescents	Italy	Shaffer and Jacobson^f (2009)	3.1 (49.2 of repetitive NSSI sample)		DSHI R-NSSI-Q SBQ-R (self-report)
Odelius and Ramklint [51]	Clinical outpatient	39 (87.2)	Adolescents and young adults 13–25 years 21 (1.9)	Sweden	Shaffer and Jacobson (2009)	46.2 of NSSI sample	83.3	Clinical interview DSM-5 criteria reformulated questions
Selby et al. [45]^A	Clinical outpatient	571 (53)	Adults	US	Shaffer and Jacobson^g (2009)	11.4	50.8	Chart data
Washburn et al. [52]	Clinical inpatient, partial hospitalization and intensive outpatient	511 (90.0)	Adolescents and young adults 12–52 years 17.3 (6.2)	US	APA (2013)	74.0 of NSSI sample		ABASI (self-report)
Zetterqvist et al. [46]^B	School	3,060	Adolescents 15–17 years 16.4 (0.89)	Sweden	APA^h (2012)	6.7 (18.8 of NSSI sample)	83.4	SITBI-SF-SR FASM (self-report)

An additional study by Lengel and Mullins-Sweatt [42] was identified and is referred to in the text, but its focus is on clinicians’ assessment of criteria.
ABASI Alexian Brothers Assessment of Self-Injury, DSHI Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory, NSSI nonsuicidal self-injury, ISAS Inventory of Statements about Self-Injury, FASM Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation, SBQ-R Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire—Revised, SITBI-SF-SR Self-Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview Short-Form Self-Report, CDI Children’s Depression Inventory, CANDI Clinician Administered Nonsuicidal Self-Injury Disorder Index, R-NSSI-Q Repetitive Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Questionnaire.
^aCriterion D not assessed.
^bCriteria D and F not assessed.
^cCriteria B1, B2, B3 and D not assessed.
^dCriteria B2, B3, C and D not assessed.
^eCriteria B2, B3, D not assessed.
^fCriterion D not assessed
^gCriteria B1, B2, B3, B4 and C not assessed.
^hCriterion D not assessed
^ASame study sample as in Ward et al. [43].
^BSame study sample as in Zetterqvist et al. [44].
^CThe title of the study may have led to a bias in participant selection with high rates of NSSI.

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ISSN: 1753-2000

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