From: Breastfeeding is associated with enhanced learning abilities in school-aged children
LDES score, mean (SD) | Ever-breastfed participants (N = 516) | Never-breastfed participants (N = 352) | Model 1 | Model 2a | Model 3b | Effect size (Model 3) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Β (95% CI) | p value | Β (95% CI) | p value | Β (95% CI) | p value | ||||
LDES | |||||||||
Listening | 11.4 (2.2) | 11.2 (2.5) | 0.28 (−0.04, 0.60) | 0.085 | 0.35 (−0.71, 0.57) | 0.126 | 0.30 (−0.04, 0.63) | 0.080 | 0.056 |
Thinking | 11.4 (1.8) | 11.2 (2.1) | 0.23 (−0.04, 0.50) | 0.089 | 0.19 (−0.70, 0.50) | 0.150 | 0.19 (−0.08, 0.46) | 0.165 | 0.041 |
Speaking | 11.7 (2.0) | 11.2 (2.3) | 0.49 (0.21, 0.78) | 0.001 | 0.50 (0.21, 0.79) | 0.001 | 0.49 (0.20, 0.79) | 0.001 | 0.058 |
Reading | 11.3 (2.1) | 10.8 (2.4) | 0.44 (0.14, 0.74) | 0.005 | 0.38 (0.67, 0.99) | 0.011 | 0.37 (0.07, 0.67) | 0.015 | 0.076 |
Writing | 11.3 (2.0) | 10.9 (2.4) | 0.43 (0.14, 0.73) | 0.004 | 0.47 (0.08, 0.65) | 0.012 | 0.34 (0.05, 0.63) | 0.022 | 0.101 |
Spelling | 10.9 (2.3) | 10.4 (2.8) | 0.52 (0.18, 0.86) | 0.003 | 0.46 (0.13, 0.78) | 0.006 | 0.42 (0.09, 0.76) | 0.013 | 0.117 |
Mathematical calculation | 11.8 (1.5) | 11.4 (2.1) | 0.37 (0.12, 0.61) | 0.003 | 0.26 (0.03, 0.50) | 0.028 | 0.27 (0.03, 0.51) | 0.026 | 0.048 |
Learning quotient | 108.8 (9.0) | 105.6 (11.4) | 2.23 (0.86, 3.59) | 0.001 | 1.97 (0.65, 3.30) | 0.004 | 1.95 (0.59, 3.31) | 0.005 | 0.092 |