Table 2 Risk and protective factors of depression or anxiety new-onset [OR(95%CI)]

Measured at T1

 Girls (boys as Ref.)

1.40 (1.26, 1.56)^***

1.59 (1.34, 1.88)^***

1.49 (1.32, 1.68)^***

1.64 (1.34, 1.99)^***

 Grade (grade 8 as Ref.)

  Grade 5

0.80 (0.68, 0.94)^**

0.84 (0.67, 1.08)

0.85 (0.71, 1.03)

0.80 (0.60, 1.05)

  Grade 6

0.74 (0.62, 0.87)^**

0.72 (0.56, 0.91)^**

0.70 (0.58, 0.84)^***

0.63 (0.47, 0.85)^**

  Grade 7

1.01 (0.87, 1.17)

1.02 (083, 1.26)

1.09 (0.92, 1.28)

0.91 (0.72, 1.16)

 Private school (Public school as Ref.)

1.10 (0.98, 1.25)

1.21 (1.01, 1.46)^*

1.16 (1.01, 1.33)^*

1.05 (0.85, 1.30)

 Boarding at school (No as Ref.)

1.04 (0.86, 1.27)

0.65 (0.47, 0.88)^**

0.99 (0.79, 1.23)

0.68 (0.47, 0.98)^*

 Ethnicity Han (Others as Ref.)

0.98 (0.76, 1.26)

0.83 (0.57, 1.19)

0.93 (0.70, 1.23)

1.24 (0.79, 1.96)

 Only-children family (No as Ref.)

0.93 (0.81, 1.07)

0.97 (0.78, 1.20)

0.86 (0.73, 1.01)

0.94 (0.73, 1.19)

 Poor parental marital status (Good as Ref.)

1.11 (0.88, 1.41)

1.51 (1.12, 2.02)^**

1.24 (0.97, 1.60)

1.64 (1.17, 2.32)^**

 Family income (monthly) (< ¥12,000 as Ref.)

  ¥12,000–¥30,000

0.91 (0.79, 1.05)

1.11 (0.89, 1.37)

0.93 (0.80, 1.09)

1.15 (0.90, 1.48)

   > ¥30,000

0.92 (0.74, 1.15)

1.20 (0.86, 1.66)

0.95 (0.75, 1.21)

0.84 (0.57, 1.26)

  Unknown

–

–

–

–

 Father’s education (College or more as Ref.)

  Junior high school or less

1.06 (0.89, 1.25)

0.94 (0.73, 1.20)

1.01 (0.84, 1.21)

0.89 (0.67, 1.19)

  Senior high school

1.04 (0.90, 1.20)

1.06 (0.85, 1.32)

0.90 (0.77, 1.06)

0.89 (0.69, 1.15)

 Mother’s education (College or more as Ref.)

  Junior high school or less

0.85 (0.80, 1.11)

1.12 (0.88, 1.42)

1.00 (0.83, 1.20)

1.02 (0.77, 1.36)

  Senior high school

1.04 (0.90, 1.20)

1.18 (0.95, 1.47)

1.03 (0.88, 1.22)

1.17 (0.90, 1.50)

 Chronic physical illness (No as Ref.)

1.49 (1.16, 1.91)^**

1.11 (0.80, 1.54)

1.46 (1.11, 1.92)^**

1.06 (0.73, 1.53)

 Family history of mental disorders (No as Ref.)

2.30 (1.50, 3.53)^***

1.09 (0.64, 1.84)

1.31 (0.75, 2.28)

0.79 (0.44, 1.45)

Measured at T2

 Negative life events (contact variable)

1.03 (1.03, 1.04)^***

1.03 (1.03, 1.03)^***

1.04 (1.04, 1.04)^***

1.03 (1.03, 1.04)^***

 Sleep duration > 8 h/n (No as Ref.)

0.33 (0.26, 0.43)^***

0.38 (0.25, 0.57)^***

0.35 (0.27, 0.47)^***

0.46 (0.29, 0.75)^***

 Reduced homework (No as Ref.)

0.78 (0.68, 0.89)^***

0.85 (0.70, 1.04)

0.77 (0.67, 0.89)^***

0.81 (0.65, 1.02)

 More extracurricular activities (No as Ref.)

0.77 (0.66, 0.88)^***

0.84 (0.68, 1.04)

0.73 (0.63, 0.86)^***

0.71 (0.55, 0.91)^**

 Increased physical activity (No as Ref.)

0.98 (0.85, 1.11)

0.90 (0.74, 1.10)

1.01 (0.87, 1.16)

1.08 (0.86, 1.36)

 More time with parents (No as Ref.)

0.52 (0.46, 0.59)^***

0.58 (0.48, 0.71)^***

0.48 (0.41, 0.55)^***

0.71 (0.57, 0.90)^**

 Reduced academic stress (No as Ref.)

0.59 (0.51, 0.68)^***

0.60 (0.48, 0.75)^***

0.50 (0.42, 0.59)^***

0.45 (0.34, 0.59)^***