Evaluating the effectiveness of a social and emotional learning program among preschool children in Japan: an experimental cohort study

Table 1 Participant characteristics at T1

	N	Intervention group (n = 94)		Control group (n = 66)		p
	N	n	%	n	%	p
Child’s sex
Male	81	51	62.96	30	37.04	0.273
Female	79	43	54.43	36	45.57
Family composition
Single-parent family	9	3	33.33	6	66.67	0.111
Two-parent family	151	91	60.26	60	39.74
Presence of siblings
0	32	18	56.3	14	43.8	0.748
≥ 1	128	76	59.4	52	40.6
Annual household income (million JPY)
< 4	31	17	54.84	14	45.16	0.796
≥ 4–8	80	49	61.25	31	38.75
≥ 8	30	17	56.67	13	43.33
Maternal educational level
Middle school or high school	60	36	60.00	24	40.00	0.167
Junior college or vocational school	55	34	61.82	21	38.18
University or graduate school	37	16	43.24	21	56.76
Paternal educational level
Middle school or high school	53	32	60.38	21	39.62	0.913
Junior college or vocational school	31	18	58.06	13	41.94
University or graduate school	62	35	56.45	27	43.55

T1, before program implementation (baseline); JPY Japanese yen. The median annual household income in Japan was approximately 4 million yen as of 2021 [29]

ISSN: 1753-2000