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Table 3 The mediation effects of maternal parenting styles in the association between maternal ACEs and children’s behavioral problems

From: Maternal adverse childhood experiences and behavioral problems in preschool offspring: the mediation role of parenting styles

 

OR (95% CI) by maternal ACEsa

Proportion of mediationb

Direct effect

Indirect effect via parenting styles

Total effect

Emotional warmth

Rejection

Overprotection

Conduct problems

1.90 (1.49, 2.47) *

1.00 (0.99, 1.03)

1.12 (1.08, 1.17) *

1.01 (1.00, 1.03)

2.16 (1.67, 2.82) *

15.0%

Learning problems

2.27 (1.72, 2.98) *

1.00 (0.99, 1.00)

1.08 (1.05, 1.12) *

1.00 (1.00, 1.02)

2.46 (1.85, 3.22) *

8.4%

Psychosomatic problems

1.92 (1.50, 2.43) *

1.00 (0.99, 1.02)

1.06 (1.04, 1.10) *

1.01 (1.00, 1.04)

2.07 (1.64, 2.64) *

8.4%

Impulsive-hyperactive

2.09 (1.57, 2.72) *

1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

1.10 (1.06, 1.15) *

1.00 (1.00, 1.02)

2.32 (1.74, 2.98) *

11.6%

Anxiety

1.68 (1.26, 2.27) *

1.00 (0.99, 1.02)

1.08 (1.04, 1.12) *

1.01 (1.00, 1.03)

1.83 (1.39, 2.47) *

12.3%

Hyperactivity index

2.01 (1.58, 2.57) *

1.00 (0.99, 1.02)

1.12 (1.08, 1.17) *

1.01 (1.00, 1.02)

2.27 (1.77, 2.91) *

13.4%

  1. ACEs adverse childhood experiences
  2. aModels were controlled for maternal age, current marital status, educational level, monthly per-capita income, negative emotional states, as well as children’s age, gender, single-child status, and primary caregivers
  3. bProportion of mediation was calculated as the indirect effect via parenting styles divided by the total effect if the indirect effect was statistically significant
  4. *p-value < 0.05
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Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

ISSN: 1753-2000