Table 1 Characteristics of the Sample (12,130 12–14-Year-Old Adolescents) and Descriptive Information of Study Variables

Bullying Victimisation (9.05% Missing Data)

Responded ‘quite a lot’ or more in at least 1 of the 3 #BeeWell items on bullying: physically bullied at school, bullied in other ways at school, and cyber-bullied

Timing of adversity exposure: in the 6 months leading up to survey response in Autumn 2021 (T1)

Items adapted from the Understanding Society Youth Questionnaire [39] and the Health Behaviours in School-Aged Children survey [40]

 Yes

1876

(17.01%)

 No

9156

(82.99%)

Free School Meal Eligibility (2.80% Missing Data)

Eligible for free school meals in the previous 6 years

Timing of adversity exposure: age from 6/7 to 12/13

Linked administrative data provided by the 10 Greater Manchester Local Authorities

 Yes

2835

(24.05%)

 No

8955

(75.95%)

Neighbourhood Socio-Economic Disadvantage (3.80% Missing Data)

Lives in a neighbourhood that belongs to the most deprived decile in the 2019 Index of Mulitple Deprivation (IMD)

Time of adversity exposure: between 0 and 12/13 years

Linked administrative data provided by the 10 Greater Manchester Local Authorities

 Yes

2814

(24.12%)

 No

8855

(75.88%)

Home Material Deprivation (8.14% Missing Data)

Score of less than 5 on the 0–10 #BeeWell item on home material deprivation ("How happy are you with the things that you have (like money and the things that you own)?"; 0 = very unhappy, 10 = very happy)

Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1)

Item from the Good Childhood Index [41]

 Yes

368

(3.30%)

 No

10,755

(96.70%)

Racial Discrimination (8.91% Missing Data)

Did not report 'never' to the #BeeWell item on racial discrimination ("How often do people make you feel bad because of: your race, skin colour or where you were born")

Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1)

Item adapted from the Determinants of Adolescent Social Wellbeing and Health Study survey and the Measuring Discrimination Resource [42]

 Yes

3022

(27.35%)

 No

8027

(72.65%)

Gender Discrimination (9.33% Missing Data)

Did not report 'never' to the #BeeWell item on gender discrimination ("How often do people make you feel bad because of: your gender")

Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1)

Item adapted from the Determinants of Adolescent Social Wellbeing and Health Study survey and the Measuring Discrimination Resource [42]

 Yes

2321

(21.10%)

 No

8677

(78.90%)

Sexuality Discrimination (10.66% Missing Data)

Did not report 'never' to the #BeeWell item on sexuality discrimination ("How often do people make you feel bad because of: your sexual orientation")

Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1)

Item adapted from the Determinants of Adolescent Social Wellbeing and Health Study survey and the Measuring Discrimination Resource [42]

 Yes

1761

(16.16%)

 No

9137

(83.84%)

Disability Discrimination (9.77% Missing Data)

Did not report 'never' to the #BeeWell item on disability discrimination ("How often do people make you feel bad because of: your disability")

Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1)

Item adapted from the Determinants of Adolescent Social Wellbeing and Health Study survey and the Measuring Discrimination Resource [42]

 Yes

1310

(11.97%)

 No

9635

(88.03%)

Religious Discrimination (9.51% Missing Data)

Did not report 'never' to the #BeeWell item on religious discrimination ("How often do people make you feel bad because of: your religion/faith")

Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1)

Item adapted from the Determinants of Adolescent Social Wellbeing and Health Study survey and the Measuring Discrimination Resource [42]

 Yes

1801

(16.41%)

 No

9176

(83.59%)

Special Educational Needs (1.45% Missing Data)

Identified by the local authority as having special educational needs or disability

Time of adversity exposure: age 4 to 12/13

Linked administrative data provided by the 10 Greater Manchester Local Authorities

 Yes

1,759

(14.71%)

 No

10,195

(85.29%)

Feeling Unsafe in Local Area (7.86% Missing Data)

Responded 'disagree'/'strongly disagree' to the #BeeWell local environment item on safety in the local area ('I feel safe in the area where I live')

Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1)

Item adapted from the Health Behaviours in School-Aged Children survey [40]

 Yes

686

(6.14%)

 No

10,490

(93.86%)

Unhappy with Home Environment (7.94% Missing Data)

Score of less than 5 on the 0–10 #BeeWell item on home environment ("How happy are you with the home that you live in?"; 0 = very unhappy, 10 = very happy)

Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1)

Item from the Good Childhood Index [41]

 Yes

587

(5.26%)

 No

10,580

(94.74%)

Caregiving Responsibilities (9.20% Missing Data)

Responded 'yes' to the #BeeWell item on caregiving responsibility ("Do you care for a family member who has an illness, disability, mental health condition, or drug/alcohol dependency?")

Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1)

Item from the Wellbeing Measurement Framework [43]

 Yes

5275

(47.98%)

 No

5739

(52.11%)

Suboptimal Physical Health (7.21% Missing Data)

Responded 'fair’ or ‘poor’ to the #BeeWell item on physical health ("In general would you say your physical health is")

Timing of adversity exposure: Autumn 2021 (T1)

Item from the Understanding Society Youth Questionnaire [39]

 Yes

1528

(13.58%)

 N

9727

(86.42%)

LS—Overall Life Satisfaction (8.00% Missing Data)

(2.41)

#BeeWell's 0–10 life satisfaction scale ("Overall, how satisfied are you with your life nowadays?"; 0 = Not at all, 10 = Completely)

Item from the Office for National Statistics’ personal wellbeing item bank [44]

MH—Internalising Symptoms (10.52% Missing Data)

(4.83)

0–20 scale derived the 10 #BeeWell negative affect items

Items from the emotional difficulties subscale of the Me and My Feelings questionnaire [45]

Sleep hygiene (7.86% Missing Data)

#BeeWell's item on sleep hygiene: "Is the amount of sleep you normally get enough for you to feel awake and concentrate on your school work during the day?" (Yes/No)

Item from the Health Behaviours in School-Aged Children survey [40]

Yes

7351

(65.77%)

No

3826

(34.23%)

Mean

S.D.

Physical activity

354.89

(233.87)

Scale from 0 to 840 min (0, 30, 60, 90,…840) derived from two #BeeWell items: (i) how many days in a usual week they are physically active; and, (ii) on those days, how long on average they spend being physically active. The resultant data are combined to produce a continuous estimate of weekly physical activity

Items adapted from the Health Behaviours in School-Aged Children survey [40]

Self-Esteem (12.14% Missing Data)

14.84

(3.35)

5–10 scale derived from the six #BeeWell items on self-esteem

Items from the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale [46, 47]

Emotional Regulation (14.04% Missing Data)

24.39

(6.88)

6–42 scale derived from the six #BeeWell items on emotional regulation

Items from the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire – Adolescent Short Form [48]

Optimism

12.04

(3.72)

4–20 scale derived from the four #BeeWell items on optimism

Items from the optimism subscale of the Engagement, Perseverance, Optimism, Connectedness, Happiness (EPOCH) measure of adolescent wellbeing [49]

School Staff Support (9.93% Missing Data)

15.22

(3.94)

4–20 scale derived from the 4 #BeeWell items on relationships with school staff

Items from the school connection subscale of the Student Resilience Survey [50]

Friendships and Social Support (9.90% Missing Data)

15.60

(3.55)

4–20 scale derived from the four #BeeWell items on friendships and social support

Items from the Child and Youth Resilience Measure [51]

Parents/Carers Support (9.04% Missing Data)

17.43

(3.13)

4–20 scale derived from the four #BeeWell items on relationships with parents/carers

Items from the family connection subscale of the Student Resilience Survey [50]

Covariates (T1)

Gender (No Missing Data)

Identified by the local authority as male or female

Linked administrative data provided by the 10 Greater Manchester Local Authorities

 Male

6225

(48.65%)

 Female

5898

(51.35%)

Ethnicity (2.46% Missing Data)

Categorised by the local authority as belonging to one of these ethnic groups

Linked administrative data provided by the 10 Greater Manchester Local Authorities

 White

7741

(65.43%)

 Black

623

(5.27%)

 Asian

2091

(17.67%)

 Chinese

115

(0.97%)

 Any Other Ethnic Group

291

(2.46%)

 Mixed Race

701

(5.93%)

 Unclassified

269

(2.27%)