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Table 4 Regression models assessing internal and external protective factors for resilience, and socio-demographic differences in resilience

From: Protective factors for resilience in adolescence: analysis of a longitudinal dataset using the residuals approach

 

Model 1 (Covariates only)

Model 2 (Unique associations)

LS Resilience

MH resilience

LS resilience

MH resilience

Covariates and protective factors (T1)

Standardised β

S.E

95% C.I

Standardised β

S.E

95% C.I

Standardised β

S.E

95% C.I

Standardised β

S.E

95% C.I

Internal protective factors

 Sleep hygiene

        

0.3***

0.02

[0.260.34]

0.26***

0.02

[0.22, 0.30]

 Physical activity

        

0.06***

0.01

[0.040.08]

0.07***

0.01

[0.05, 0.09]

 Self-esteem

        

0.22***

0.01

[0.200.24]

0.2***

0.01

[0.18, 0.22]

 Emotional regulation

        

0.19***

0.01

[0.170.21]

0.2***

0.01

[0.18, 0.22]

 Optimism

        

0.23***

0.01

[0.210.25]

0.18***

0.01

[0.16, 0.20]

External protective factors

 School staff support

        

0.14***

0.01

[0.120.16]

0.05***

0.01

[0.03, 0.07]

 Friendships and social support

        

0.15***

0.01

[0.130.17]

0.14***

0.01

[0.12, 0.16]

 Parents/carers support

        

0.13***

0.01

[0.110.15]

0.05***

0.01

[0.03, 0.07]

Covariates

 Gender (ref.: male)

  Female

***− 0.33

0.02

[− 0.37, − 0.29]

− 0.59***

0.02

[− 0.63− 0.55]

− 0.24***/− 0.33***

0.02

[− 0.28/− 0.37− 0.20/− 0.29]

0.50***/0.58***

0.02

[0.46/0.540.54/0.62]

 Ethnicity (ref.: White)

  Black

0.09

0.05

[− 0.0, 10.19]

0.32***

0.05

[0.220.42]

0.00/0.10*

0.05

[− 0.10/0.00, 0.10/0.20]

− 0.26***/− 0.33***

0.05

[− 0.36/− 0.43, − 0.16/− 0.23]

  Asian

0.13***

0.03

[0.07, 0.19]

0.26***

0.03

[0.200.32]

0.07**/0.14***

0.03

[0.01/0.08, 0.13/0.20]

− 0.21***/− 0.28***

0.03

[− 0.27/− 0.34, − 0.15/− 0.22]

  Chinese

0.04

0.1

[− 0.16, 0.24]

0.13

0.09

[− 0.050.31]

0.00/0.12

0.10

[− 0.20/− 0.08, 0.20/0.32]

− 0.10/− 0.17*

0.09

[− 0.28/− 0.35, − 0.08/− 0.01]

  Any other ethnic group

0.14*

0.07

[0.00, 0.28]

0.12

0.06

[0.000.24]

0.09/0.17*

0.07

[− 0.05/0.03, 0.23/0.31]

− 0.08/− 0.14*

0.06

[− 0.04/− 0.02, − 0.20/− 0.26

  Mixed race

0.02

0.04

[− 0.06, 0.10]

0.18***

0.04

[0.100.26]

0.01/0.05

0.04

[− 0.07/− 0.03, 0.09/0.13]

− 0.18***/− 0.19***

0.04

[− 0.26/− 0.27, − 0.10/− 0.11]

  Unclassified

0.1

0.07

[− 0.04, 0.24]

0.13

0.07

[− 0.010.27]

0.06/0.10

0.07

[− 0.08/− 0.04, 0.20/0.24]

− 0.14/− 0.14*

0.07

[− 0.28/− 0.28, − 000./− 0.00]

 

Model 3 (Grouped associations)

Model 4 (Complete model)

LS resilience

MH resilience

LS resilience

MH resilience

Covariates and protective factors (T1)

Standardised β

S.E

95% C.I

Standardised β

S.E

95% C.I

Standardised β

S.E

95% C.I

Standardised β

S.E

95% C.I

Internal protective factors

 Sleep hygiene

0.08***

0.02

[0.04, 0.12]

0.06**

0.02

[0.02, 0.10]

0.07**

0.02

[0.03, 0.11]

0.08***

0.02

[0.04, 0.12]

 Physical activity

0.01

0.01

[− 0.01, 0.03]

0.03**

0.01

[0.01, 0.05]

0.01

0.01

[− 0.01, 0.03]

0.03**

0.01

[0.0, 10.05]

 Self− esteem

0.1***

0.01

[0.08, 0.12]

0.09***

0.01

[0.07, 0.11]

0.09***

0.01

[0.07, 0.11]

0.09***

0.01

[0.07, 0.11]

 Emotional regulation

0.08***

0.01

[0.06, 0.10]

0.12***

0.01

[0.10, 0.14]

0.08***

0.01

[0.06, 0.10]

0.13***

0.01

[0.11, 0.15]

 Optimism

0.12***

0.01

[0.10, 0.14]

0.06***

0.01

[0.04, 0.08]

0.11***

0.01

[0.09, 0.13]

0.08***

0.01

[0.06, 0.10]

External protective factors

 School staff support

0.07***

0.01

[0.05, 0.09]

0.01

0.01

[− 0.01, 0.03]

0.02

 

0.01

[0.00, 0.04]

− 0.04***

0.01

[− 0.06, − 0.02]

 Friendships and social support

0.1***

0.01

[0.08, 0.12]

0.14***

0.01

[0.12, 0.16]

0.01

 

0.01

[− 0.01, 0.03]

0.04***

0.01

[0.02, 0.06]

 Parents/carers support

0.06***

0.01

[0.04, 0.08]

0.01

0.01

[− 0.01, 0.03]

0.01

 

0.01

[− 0.01, 0.03]

− 0.07***

0.01

[− 0.09, − 0.05]

Covariates

 Gender (ref.: male)

  Female

− 0.20***/− 0.31***

0.02

[− 0.24/− 0.35, − 0.16/− 0.27]

0.46***/0.58***

0.02

[0.42/0.54, 0.50/0.62]

− 0.2***

0.02

[− 0.24, − 0.16]

− 0.46***

0.01

[− 0.48, − 0.44]

 Ethnicity (ref.: white)

  Black

− 0.01/0.09

0.05

[− 0.11/− 0.01, 0.09/0.19]

− 0.25***/− 0.32***

0.05

[− 0.35/− 0.42, − 0.15/− 0.22]

0.00

0.05

[− 0.10, 0.10]

0.24***

0.04

[0.16, 0.32]

  Asian

0.06*/0.11***

0.03

[0.00/0.05, 0.12/0.17]

− 0.20***/− 0.24***

0.03

[− 0.26/− 0.30, − 0.14/− 0.18]

0.06*

0.03

[0.00, 0.12]

0.19***

0.02

[0.15, 0.23]

  Chinese

0.07/0.10

0.10

[− 0.13/− 0.10, 0.27/0.30]

− 0.15/− 0.14

0.09

[− 0.33/− 0.32, − 0.03/− 0.04]

0.08

0.09

[− 0.10, 0.26]

0.12

0.09

[− 0.06, 0.30]

  Any other ethnic group

0.08/0.15*

0.07

[− 0.06/0.01, 0.22/0.29]

− 0.08/− 0.12

0.06

[− 0.20/− 0.24, − 0.04/0.00]

0.09

0.06

[− 0.03, 0.21]

0.06

0.06

[− 0.06, 0.18]

  Mixed race

0.01/0.04

0.04

[− 0.07/− 0.04, 0.09/0.12]

− 0.18***/− 0.18***

0.04

[− 0.26/− 0.26, − 0.10/− 0.10]

0.02

0.04

[− 0.06, 0.10]

0.16***

0.04

[0.08, 0.24]

  Unclassified

0.06/0.09

0.07

[− 0.08/− 0.05, 0.20/0.23]

− 0.11/− 0.13*

0.07

[− 0.25/− 0.27, − 0.03/0.01]

0.04

0.07

[− 0.10, 0.18]

0.11

0.06

[− 0.01, 0.23]

  1. Significance Levels: * 0.05 ** 0.01 *** 0.001. For covariates in unique associations models (Model 2) and grouped associations models (Model 3), the range of estimates across models is reported in italics. C.I. Confidence Interval, LS Life satisfaction, MH Mental health (internalising symptoms). T1 indicates that the data were collected in the first year of the #BeeWell study (Autumn 2021), when participants were 12–13 years old. T2 indicates that the data were collected in the second year of the #BeeWell study (Autumn 2022), when participants were 13–14 years old
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Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

ISSN: 1753-2000