Protective factors for resilience in adolescence: analysis of a longitudinal dataset using the residuals approach

Marquez, Jose; Francis-Hew, Louis; Humphrey, Neil

doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00687-8

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

Table 5 Regression models assessing internal and external protective factors for resilience, by gender and level of adversity

From: Protective factors for resilience in adolescence: analysis of a longitudinal dataset using the residuals approach

Protective factors (t1)	Model 5 (Unique Associations): differences between males and females
	LS Resilience									MH Resilience
	Males			Females			Difference			Males			Females			Difference
	Standardised β	S.E	95% C.I	Standardised β	S.E	95% C.I	Standardised β	S.E	95% C.I	Standardised β	S.E	95% C.I	Standardised β	S.E	95% C.I	Standardised β	S.E	95% C.I
Internal factors
Sleep hygiene	0.28***	0.03	[0.22, 0.34]	0.32***	0.03	[0.26, 0.38]	0.03	0.00	[0.03, 0.03]	0.24***	0.01	[0.22, 0.26]	0.27***	0.07	[0.13, 0.41]	0.04	0.04	[− 0.04, 0.12]
Physical activity	0.07***	0.01	[0.05, 0.09]	0.06***	0.01	[0.04, 0.08]	− 0.01	0.02	[− 0.05, 0.03]	0.11***	0.01	[0.09, 0.13]	0.04**	0.07	[− 0.10, 0.18]	− 0.09***	0.02	[− 0.13, − 0.05]
Self− esteem	0.20***	0.01	[0.18, 0.22]	0.24***	0.01	[0.22, 0.26]	0.04	0.03	[− 0.02, 0.10]	0.17***	0.01	[0.15, 0.19]	0.21***	0.01	[0.19, 0.23]	0.04	0.02	[0.00, 0.08]
Emotional regulation	0.18***	0.01	[0.16, 0.20]	0.21***	0.01	[0.19, 0.23]	0.03	0.02	[− 0.01, 0.07]	0.20***	0.01	[0.18, 0.22]	0.21***	0.01	[0.19, 0.23]	0.01	0.02	[− 0.03, 0.05]
Optimism	0.21***	0.01	[0.19, 0.23]	0.24***	0.01	[0.22, 0.26]	0.03	0.02	[− 0.01, 0.07]	0.16	0.01	[0.14, 0.18]	0.19***	0.01	[0.17, 0.21]	0.03	0.04	[− 0.05, 0.11]
External factors
School staff support	0.14***	0.01	[0.12, 0.16]	0.13***	0.01	[0.11, 0.15]	− 0.02	0.02	[− 0.06, 0.02]	0.05**	0.01	[0.03, 0.07]	0.06***	0.01	[0.04, 0.08]	0.01	0.02	[− 0.03, 0.05]
Friendships and Social Support	0.14***	0.01	[0.12, 0.16]	0.17***	0.01	[0.15, 0.19]	0.03	0.02	[− 0.01, 0.07]	0.14***	0.01	[0.12, 0.16]	0.14***	0.01	[0.12, 0.16]	0.00	0.02	[− 0.04, 0.04]
Parents/carers support	0.13***	0.01	[0.11, 0.15]	0.13***	0.01	[0.11, 0.15]	0.00	0.02	[− 0.04, 0.04]	0.06***	0.01	[0.04, 0.08]	0.04***	0.01	[0.02, 0.06]	0.02	0.02	[− 0.02, 0.06]

	Model 6 (Unique Associations): differences between adolescents facing low adversity and adolescents facing high adversity
	LS resilience									MH resilience
	Males			Females			Difference			Males			Females			Difference
Protective factors (t1)	Standardised β	S.E	95% C.I	Standardised β	S.E	95% C.I	Standardised β	S.E	95% C.I	Standardised β	S.E	95% C.I	Standardised β	S.E	95% C.I	Standardised β	S.E	95% C.I
Internal factors
Sleep hygiene	0.38***	0.04	[0.30, 0.46]	0.25***	0.04	[0.17, 0.33]	− 0.12*	0.05	[− 0.22, − 0.02]	0.34***	0.03	[0.28, 0.40]	0.21***	0.04	[0.13, 0.29]	− 0.11*	0.05	[− 0.21, − 0.01]
Physical activity	0.10***	0.02	[0.06, 0.14]	0.03	0.02	[− 0.01, 0.07]	− 0.06*	0.03	[− 0.12, 0.00]	0.09***	0.02	[0.05, 0.13]	0.05**	0.02	[0.01, 0.09]	− 0.03	0.02	[− 0.07, 0.01]
Self-esteem	0.28***	0.02	[0.24, 0.32]	0.21***	0.02	[0.17, 0.25]	− 0.07*	0.03	[− 0.13, − 0.01]	0.26***	0.03	[0.20, 0.32]	0.18***	0.02	[0.14, 0.22]	− 0.07*	0.03	[− 0.13, − 0.01]
Emotional regulation	0.23***	0.03	[0.17, 0.29]	0.18***	0.02	[0.14, 0.22]	− 0.04	0.03	[− 0.10, 0.02]	0.25***	0.02	[0.21, 0.29]	0.18***	0.02	[0.14, 0.22]	− 0.05*	0.03	[− 0.11, 0.01]
Optimism	0.28***	0.02	[0.24, 0.32]	0.21***	0.02	[0.17, 0.25]	− 0.07*	0.03	[− 0.13, − 0.01]	0.22***	0.02	[0.18, 0.26]	0.14***	0.02	[0.10, 0.18]	− 0.06*	0.03	[− 0.12, 0.00]
External factors
School staff support	0.20***	0.02	[0.16, 0.24]	0.09***	0.02	[0.05, 0.13]	− 0.11***	0.03	[− 0.17, − 0.05]	0.11***	0.02	[0.07, 0.15]	0.00	0.02	[− 0.04, 0.04]	− 0.11***	0.01	[− 0.13, − 0.09]
Friendships and Social Support	0.25***	0.02	[0.21, 0.29]	0.10***	0.02	[0.06, 0.14]	− 0.15***	0.03	[− 0.21, − 0.09]	0.21***	0.02	[0.17, 0.25]	0.08***	0.02	[0.04, 0.12]	− 0.13***	0.01	[− 0.15, − 0.11]
Parents/carers support	0.22***	0.02	[0.18, 0.26]	0.08***	0.02	[0.04, 0.12]	− 0.14**	0.03	[− 0.20, − 0.08]	0.13***	0.02	[0.09, 0.17]	0.00	0.02	[− 0.04, 0.04]	− 0.13***	0.03	[− 0.19, − 0.07]

Significance Levels: * 0.05 ** 0.01 *** 0.001. C.I. Confidence Interval, LS Life satisfaction; MH = Mental health (internalising symptoms). T1 indicates that the data were collected in the first year of the #BeeWell study (Autumn 2021), when participants were 12–13 years old. T2 indicates that the data were collected in the second year of the #BeeWell study (Autumn 2022), when participants were 13–14 years old. Low adversity = Bottom third of the adversity scale; High adversity = Top third of the adversity scale

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ISSN: 1753-2000

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