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Table 6 Odds ratio (OR) estimates of multivariable logistic regression models for PWBIS and screen time or overuse

From: Change in screen time and overuse, and their association with psychological well-being among US-wide school-age children during the COVID-19 pandemic: analysis of the National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) years 2018–21

PWB1S2 outcome

Effect of screen time

Effect of overuse (i.e. Screen time ≥ 4 h)

 

Model 3

Model 4

Model 3

Model 4

Covariates

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

Screen time or overuse

1.498 (1.497, 1.500)

 < 0.001

1.489 (1.488, 1.490)

 < 0.001

2.000 (1.997, 2.003)

 < 0.001

1.978 (1.974, 1.981)

 < 0.001

Pandemic years (2020–21)

NA

NA

1.094 (1.092, 1.096)

 < 0.001

NA

NA

1.102 (1.100, 1.105)

 < 0.001

Interaction term (Model4): Screen time or overuse × pandemic years

NA

NA

1.012 (1.010, 1.014)

 < 0.001

NA

NA

1.021 (1.018, 1.024)

 < 0.001

Elementary school (ref. high school)

1.016 (1.015, 1.018)

 < 0.001

1.013 (1.011, 1.015)

 < 0.001

0.992 (0.990, 0.993)

 < 0.001

0.989 (0.987, 0.990)

 < 0.001

Middle School (ref. High School)

1.044 (1.042, 1.046)

 < 0.001

1.042 (1.040, 1.044)

 < 0.001

1.040 (1.038, 1.042)

 < 0.001

1.038 (1.036, 1.039)

 < 0.001

Sex-male (ref. female)

1.016 (1.015, 1.018)

 < 0.001

1.016 (1.014, 1.017)

0.030

1.008 (1.006, 1.009)

0.002

1.007 (1.006, 1.008)

 < 0.001

Black or African American (ref. White)

0.688 (0.687, 0.69)

 < 0.001

0.688 (0.687, 0.69)

 < 0.001

0.693 (0.692, 0.695)

 < 0.001

0.694 (0.692, 0.695)

 < 0.001

Native American or Alaska Native (ref. White)

1.147 (1.142, 1.153)

 < 0.001

1.141 (1.135, 1.147)

 < 0.001

1.145 (1.139, 1.151)

 < 0.001

1.138 (1.132, 1.144)

 < 0.001

Asian (ref. White)

0.712 (0.709, 0.714)

 < 0.001

0.711 (0.709, 0.714)

 < 0.001

0.714 (0.711, 0.716)

 < 0.001

0.714 (0.711, 0.716)

 < 0.001

Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander (ref. White)

0.926 (0.921, 0.931)

 < 0.001

0.914 (0.91, 0.919)

0.146

0.888 (0.884, 0.893)

 < 0.001

0.877 (0.872, 0.882)

 < 0.001

Some Other Race Alone(ref. White)

0.900 (0.895, 0.905)

 < 0.001

0.923 (0.918, 0.929)

0.013

0.909 (0.904, 0.915)

0.062

0.935 (0.930, 0.940)

 < 0.001

Two or More Races (ref. White)

1.162 (1.159, 1.165)

 < 0.001

1.161 (1.158, 1.164)

 < 0.001

1.160 (1.158, 1.163)

 < 0.001

1.159 (1.156, 1.162)

 < 0.001

Hispanic or latino related (ref. otherwise)

0.911 (0.909, 0.913)

 < 0.001

0.909 (0.907, 0.911)

 < 0.001

0.915 (0.913, 0.917)

 < 0.001

0.913 (0.911, 0.915)

 < 0.001

Poverty ratio

0.999 (0.999, 0.999)

 < 0.001

0.999 (0.999, 0.999)

 < 0.001

0.999 (0.999, 0.999)

 < 0.001

0.999 (0.999, 0.999)

 < 0.001

  1. These analyses were performed using 71,302 observations of subjects with at least one hour of screen usage every weekday on average
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Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

ISSN: 1753-2000