Table 1 Study and sample characteristics
From: Young children’s development after forced displacement: a systematic review
Reference | Study population | Housing | N | Age in years M(SD), range | ACE category | ACE exposure n(%) | Time in host country in months M(SD), range | Domains assessed | Measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
26 | Internally displaced children and orphans in Ethiopia | refugee camp, orphanage | 148 | 5.7(0.9), 4–7 | a,b,d* | a: 148(100), b: 74(50), d: 148(100) | 32.4 | Peer relations, Intelligence, Language development | Behavioral Screening Questionnaires (BSQ; (Richman, Stevenson & Graham, 1975); The Leiter International Intelligence Scale (Leiter, 1969); The Raven Progressive Matrices (Raven, 1958); Short version of the Token test (McNeal & Prescott, 1978) |
27 | Refugee children from Middle East, Southeastern Europe, North Africa, and Sub-Saharan Africa in Germany | nr | 207 | T1: 5.78(0.85), 3–7 T2: 5.87(0.87) T1m: 6.54(0.42) Tc: 7.18(0.63) | a* | nr | T1: 26.4(21.1) T2: 26.3(20.0) T1m: 27.19(20.75) Tc: 23.97(16.2) | Peer relations, Cognitive development, Language development | Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (Dunn & Dunn, 2007); Subtest “Object Assembly” from the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III (Wechsler, 2002); Intelligence and Development Scales (Grob et al., 2009); Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1997) |
28 | Refugee children from Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, Western Pacific, Africa in Sweden | detention | 86 | 8.4, 4–15 | d | 48(55) | 7.27 | Peer relations, Prosocial behavior | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 2001) |
29 | Refugee children in Germany | nr | study 1: 84 study 2: 50 study 3: 107 | study 1: 3·86(1.18) study 2: 3·92(1.22) study 3: 5.79(0.85) | a* | nr | study 1: nr study 2: 43.87(37.59) study 3: 25.4(20.11) | Peer relations, Prosocial behavior | Child-Teacher Report form 1·5–5 (C-TRF; Achenbach & Rescorla, 2000); Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 2001) |
30 | Refugee children from Southeast Asia, Africa, Eastern Mediterranean in Sweden | settled | 61 | 6.0, 05–15 | d | nr | baseline: 13 follow-up: 31 | Peer relations, Prosocial behavior | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 2001) |
31 | Refugee children from Myanmar in Bangladesh | refugee camp | 622 | 0-to 2 year old’s: 0.86(0.54), 2-to 16 year old’s: 6.81(3.53) | a,d* | nr | nr | Peer relations, Prosocial behavior, Cognitive development, Language development | Developmental Screening Questionnaire (DSQ: Khan et al., 2013); General development assessment (GDA); Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 2001) |
32 | Refugee children from South America in the U.S | settled | 42 | 6.79(4.42), 2–16 | a,c* | nr | 1·17 | Peer relations | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 2001) |
33 | Internally displaced children in Bosnia | refugee camp, private homes | 87 | 5.5, 5–6 | a,b,d | nr | nr | Intelligence | War Trauma Questionnaire (Macksoud, 1992); Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM; Raven, 1947); Birleson’s Depression Inventory (BDI; Birleson, 1981); Child Assessment |
34 | Refugee children in Sweden | settled | 43 | 6·0, 0.5–15 | d | nr | baseline: 13 follow-up: 31 | Peer relations, Prosocial behavior | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 2001) |
35 | Internally displaced children in Colombia | settled | 279 | 4.2(1.0), 1.5–5 | a | nr | 12–60 | Family functioning | The General Functioning (GF) Scale of the Family Assessment Device (FAD; Byles et al., 1988); KiddieSADS PTSD Traumatic Event Checklist (Kaufman et al., 1996) |
36 | Refugee children from Syria in Turkey | settled | 40 | 5.57, 5–6 | a* | 18(90) | 12–36 | Peer relations, Prosocial behavior | The Ladd-Profile Child Behavior Scale (Ladd & Profilet, 1996); Peer Victimization Scale (Kochenderfer & Ladd, 2002) |
37 | Refugee children from Syria (S) and internally displaced children in Iraq (Y) | refugee camp | 150 | Y: 5.92(0.55), S: 5.73(0.58) | a,d* | nr | nr | Executive functioning, Math abilities, Short term memory | Backward and Forward Word Span Task (Lanfranchi et al., 2004); Stroop Task (Gerstadt et al., 1994); Numerical Intelligence Battery (BIN; Molin et al., 2007) |
38 | Refugee Children from Syria in Turkey | settled | 373 | 5.11(0.48), 5–6 | a* | nr | nr | Peer relations, Language development, math abilities, | Preliteracy and Prenumeracy Skills Scale (Adato & Bekman, 1989); Turkish Early Language Development Test (TEDIL-3; Güven & Topbas, 2014); Emotion Regulation Checklist (Shields & Cicchetti, 1997); Social Competence and Behavioral Assessment Scale (SCBAS; LaFreniere & Dumas, 1996) |
39 | Syrian refugee children in Turkey | settled | 120 | 1.5–6 | a | 43.3% | 90% longer than 1 year | Peer relations, Language Development | Denver II Developmental Screening Test (DDST-II; Frankenburg et al., 1989) |
40 | Refugee children from Syria in Turkey | settled | 70 | 5.56(1.09), 0–6 | a | 0(0) | 36 | Family functioning, Cognitive development, Language development | The Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Developmental Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood: Revised Edition (DC:0–5:Zeanah et al., 2016) |
41 | Refugee children from Syria and Iraq in Germany | nr | 42 | 283(1.54), 0.42–5.58 | a | 24(60) | 21.53(11.57), 1–40 | Family functioning | Parenting Interactions with Children Checklist of Observations Linked to Outcomes (PICCOLO; Roggman et al., 2013) |
42 | Internally displaced children in Israel | returned to homes | 107 | 3.9 | a | 107(100) | 30 | Family Function | Child Behaviour Checklist 1·5–5 years (CBCL 1·5–5; Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1983); Preschool Children's Assessment of Stress Scale (PCASS; Laor et al., 1996); Change of Functioning Scale (CFS; Laor et al., 1996); Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (Sparrow et al., 1984) |
43 | Internally displaced children in Israel | hotels | 230 | 4.0, 3–5 | a | 230(100) | 6 | Peer relations, Family function | Child Behaviour Checklist 1·5–5 years (CBCL 1·5–5; Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1983); Preschool Children's Assessment of Stress Scale (PCASS; Laor et al., 1996); Change of Functioning Scale (CFS; Laor et al., 1996); Childhood Personality Scales (Cohen et al., 1977); Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales (FACES; Olson, 1986) |
44 | Refugee children in Germany | refugee camp | 109 | 5.10(1.15), 3–7 | a | 73(67) | 16.5 | Intelligence, Short term memory | Child and Adolescent Trauma Screening (CATS; Sachser et al., 2016); Scale of Intellectual Functioning (SIF) of the Kaufmann-Assessment-Battery for Children (KABC-II; Kaufmann et al., 2015) |
45 | Refugee children mostly from Nigeria, Afghanistan, and Syria in Germany | refugee camp | 72 | 5.14(1.17), 3–7 | a | 32(61·5) | 19(17.72), 0.5–60 | Peer relations, Prosocial behavior, Intelligence, Short term memory | Child and Adolescent Trauma Screening (CATS; Sachser et al., 2016); Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 2001); TST assessment form (Saxe et al., 2016); Scale of Intellectual Functioning (SIF) of the Kaufmann-Assessment-Battery for Children (KABC-II; Kaufmann et al., 2015) |
46 | Refugee children in Germany | refugee camp | 181 | 4.94 (4.66 5.22) | a | 62(89) | 3.71 | Social-emotional competencies, Play, Intelligence, Learning Performance | Play Observation Scale (Bernhardt & Hahnefeld, 2021); Behavior Observation Scale for Preschool Children (Verhaltensbeurteilungsbogen für Vorschulkinder; VBV-ER 3–6; Döpfner, 1993); Scale of Intellectual Functioning (SIF) of the Kaufmann-Assessment-Battery for Children (KABC-II; Kaufmann et al., 2015) |
47 | Refugee children from Asia and Africa in Australia | detention | 110 | 6.0(4.72) | a,b,d | a: nr b: nr d: 605(97.3) | 13 | Cognitive development | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/ Adverse Childhood Experiences (CDC/ACE; Hanes, 2017) |
48 | Refugee children from Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Palestine in Australia | detention | 20 | 0.92–17 | a | 20(100) | 15, 12–18 | Family functioning, Play | Child Assessment |
49 | Refugee children from Iraq, Kosovo, Pakistan, Russia, Somalia, Sri Lanka, and Sudan in Belgium/ Denmark | nr | 18 | 6.7(2.2), 4–9 | a | 8(44.4) | nr | Family functioning | Attachment Story Completion Task (ASCT; Verhueren et al., 1996) |
50 | Refugee children from Syria in Germany | refugee camp | 96 | 7.2, 0–14 | a,b,c | a: 96(100) | 1.3 | Language development | Parent Interview; Child Assessment; Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Semi-Structured Interview (PTSDSSI; Scheeringa & Zeanah, 1994) |
51 | Refugee children in Germany | refugee camp | 2551 | 5.72 | nr | nr | 28.43 | Cognitive reasoning, Language development | Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-4; Dunn & Dunn, 2007); NEPS-MAT (Lang et al., 2014) |
52 | Internally displaced children in Israel | refugee camp | study 1: 74 study 2: 191 | 4.7(1.34), 2–7 | a | 264(99.6) | 0.53(0.26) | Play | War Related Experiences Scale (Sadeh et al., 2008); Stress Reaction Checklist (SRCL; Sadeh et al., 2008) |
53 | Refugee children from Iran in Sweden | settled | 50 | 8.4, 4–8 | a | 42(84) | 42 | Peer relations, Language development | Parental Interview; Child Assessment; Erica Method/World of Technique (Lowenfeld, 1950) |
54 | Refugee children from Iran in Sweden | settled | 39 | 8.4, 4–8 | a | 34(87) | baseline: 12 follow-up: 42 | Play | Parental Interview; Erica Method / World of Technique (Lowenfeld, 1950) |
55 | Refugee children from Iran in Sweden | settled | 50 | 5.83, 4–8 | a,b | 42(84) | nr | Play | Parental Interview; Erica Method / World of Technique (Lowenfeld, 1950) |
56 | Refugee children from former Yugoslavia in Sweden | refugee camp | 66 | 5–15 | a | 24 (37) | 5 | Family functioning, Play | Parent Interview |
57 | Refugee children from Middle East and Africa in Sweden | 70% settled | 61 | 3.75(1.4), 2–6 | nr | 9(15) | nr | Peer relations, Prosocial behavior | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 2001); Primary Care PTSD Screen (PC-PTSDM Prins et al., 2003); Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS; Nixon et al., 2013) |