Table 1 Characteristics of participants: children (n = 728) and parents/caregivers (n = 760)

Child gender

Male

316

43

37.7

262

44.6

334

30

36.1

224

44.0

Female

398

68

59.7

317

54.0

415

50

60.2

280

55.0

Missing

14

3

2.6

8

1.4

11

3

3.6

5

1

Child age

12–13

217

26

22.8

182

31.0

193

17

20.5

138

27.1

14–15

240

42

36.8

190

32.4

180

20

24.1

123

24.2

16–17

216

32

28.1

177

30.2

167

18

21.7

120

23.6

Missing

55

14

12.3

38

6.5

220

28

33.7

128

25.2

Living place

Rural

260

33

29

216

36.8

291

32

38.6

193

37.9

Urban

459

80

70.2

367

62.5

457

49

59.0

315

61.9

Missing

9

1

0.9

4

0.7

12

2

2.4

1

0.2

Number of child friends

0

24

3

2.6

20

3.4

20

0

0

14

2.8

1

54

12

10.5

41

7

63

6

7.2

44

8.6

2–3

302

46

40.4

247

42.1

357

38

45.8

243

47.7

≥ 4

335

53

46.5

268

45.7

295

4

42.2

192

37.7

Missing

13

0

0

11

1.9

25

4

4.8

16

3.1

The child’s weekly frequency of interaction with friends outside of school.

> 1

112

20

17.5

89

15.2

184

15

18.1

137

26.9

1–2

220

32

28.1

181

30.8

259

37

44.6

165

32.4

≥ 3

343

55

48.3

274

46.7

269

27

32.5

177

34.8

Missing

53

7

6.1

43

7.3

48

4

4.8

30

5.9

Child relationship with siblings (compared to peers)

Worse

38

8

7.0

29

5

19

2

2.4

13

2.6

Likewise

342

45

39.5

284

48.4

401

38

45.8

278

54.6

Better

214

37

32.5

170

29

212

30

36.1

136

26.7

No siblings

103

17

14.9

82

14

4

1

1.2

2

0.4

Missing

31

7

6.1

22

3.8

124

12

14.5

80

15.7

Child relationship with peers (compared to peers)

Worse

36

6

5.3

29

5

19

2

2.4

14

2.8

Likewise

451

74

64.9

359

61.2

512

50

60.2

352

69.2

Better

206

28

24.6

174

29.6

176

27

32.5

115

22.6

Missing

35

6

5.3

25

43

53

4

4.8

28

5.5

Child relationship with parents (compared to peers)

Worse

37

8

7.0

28

4.8

18

2

2.4

12

2.4

Likewise

325

44

38.6

269

45.8

380

38

45.8

269

51.5

Better

327

57

50

260

44.3

307

39

47.0

204

40.1

Missing

39

5

4.4

30

5.1

55

4

4.8

31

6.1

Child do things by himself (compared to peers)

Worse

32

4

3.5

27

4.6

14

2

2.4

9

1.8

Likewise

364

59

51.8

297

50.6

478

53

63.9

330

64.8

Better

237

38

33.3

193

32.9

178

20

24.1

117

23

Missing

95

13

11.4

70

11.9

90

8

9.6

53

10.4

Child performs in any sport

Yes

592

91

79.8

481

81.9

593

62

74.7

401

78.8

No

126

22

19.3

99

16.9

153

17

20.5

102

20.0

Missing

10

1

0.9

7

1.2

14

4

4.8

6

1.2

Child has hobbies

Yes

616

99

86.8

499

85.0

641

70

84.3

438

86.1

No

97

13

11.4

78

13.3

94

9

10.8

60

11.8

Missing

15

2

1.8

10

1.7

25

4

4.8

11

2.2

Child belong to any type of organization

Yes

230

30

26.3

193

32.9

265

22

26.5

197

38.7

No

457

80

70.2

362

61.7

451

55

66.3

290

57

Missing

41

4

3.5

32

5.5

44

6

7.2

22

4.3

Child has chores

Yes

369

51

44.7

310

52.8

406

49

59.0

286

56.2

No

313

58

50.9

241

41.1

317

29

34.9

204

40.1

Missing

46

5

4.4

36

6.1

37

5

6.02

19

3.7

Child has school related problems

Yes

284

50

43.9

227

38.7

55

6

7.23

40

7.9

No

218

34

29.8

176

30.0

674

73

88.0

453

89.0

Missing

226

30

26.3

184

31.4

31

4

4.8

16

3.1

Child has any type of illness of disability

Yes

44

12

10.5

29

4.9

43

6

7.2

27

5.3

No

660

97

85.1

540

92

683

72

86.8

462

90.8

Missing

24

5

4.4

18

3.1

34

5

6.0

20

3.9

Child health (compared to peers)

Perfect

230

32

28.1

188

32.0

275

30

36.1

183

36

Good

360

50

43.9

299

50.9

415

42

50.6

289

56.8

Satisfactory

114

27

23.7

84

14.3

56

9

10.8

33

6.5

Bad

14

2

1.8

12

2.0

4

1

1.2

3

0.6

Very bad

5

1

0.88

4

0.7

1

1

1.2

0

0

Missing

5

2

1.8

0

0

9

0

0

1

0.2

How often child miss school due to illness

Once in a week

45

11

9.7

33

5.6

19

3

3.6

12

2.4

Once in a month

222

39

34.2

177

30.2

177

29

34.9

117

23.0

Once in a half year

318

43

37.7

263

44.8

383

33

39.8

262

51.5

Once in a year

87

9

7.9

75

12.8

114

11

13.3

79

15.5

Less than once in a year

51

11

9.7

38

6.5

54

6

7.2

34

6.7

Missing

5

1

0.9

1

0.2

13

1

1.2

5

1.0