| moderate to high SES Dutch n = 70 | low SES Dutch n = 55 | low SES non-Western n = 105 | All N = 230 | Test | Post hoc | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F(df), p |  |
Level of offending | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Number of reported offenses (ln) | .54 | .32 | .51 | .38 | .54 | .36 | .53 | .35 | - |  |
Child characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Age onset first offense | 10.92 | 1.22 | 11.10 | 1.21 | 10.75 | 1.12 | 10.88 | 1.17 | - |  |
Child report | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Emotional problem scale | 2.22 | 1.72 | 2.89 | 2.15 | 2.85 | 2.33 | 2.67 | 2.14 | - |  |
   Behavioral problem scale | 2.77 | 1.70 | 3.23 | 1.61 | 2.69 | 2.01 | 2.84 | 1.84 | - |  |
   Hyperactivity scale | 4.85 | 2.52 | 4.91 | 1.90 | 3.73 | 2.50 | 4.34 | 2.43 | 9.368(2), .000 | b, c |
   Poor relationship with peers | 1.86 | 1.48 | 2.94 | 2.02 | 2.48 | 1.89 | 2.41 | 1.85 | 4.675(2), .010 | a, b |
   Proactive aggression (ln) | 1.10 | .71 | 1.28 | .75 | 1.18 | .80 | 1.18 | .76 | - |  |
   Reactive aggression | 8.56 | 3.60 | 9.75 | 4.06 | 8.91 | 4.48 | 9.01 | 4.15 | - |  |
   Affiliation delinquent peers (ln) | 2.18 | .16 | 2.29 | .20 | 2.19 | .22 | 2.21 | .20 | 4.143(2), .017 | a, c |
   Sensation seeking | 18.92 | 5.70 | 19.06 | 4.85 | 17.00 | 5.87 | 18.06 | 5.65 | 5.974(2), .003 | b, c |
Parent report | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Emotional problem scale | 2.01 | 2.11 | 2.38 | 2.30 | 2.68 | 2.29 | 2.41 | 2.24 | - |  |
   Behavioral problem scale | 2.13 | 2.47 | 2.35 | 2.07 | 2.46 | 2.35 | 2.33 | 2.32 | - |  |
   Hyperactivity scale | 4.36 | 3.24 | 4.85 | 2.89 | 3.80 | 2.51 | 4.24 | 2.87 | 4.733(2), .010 | c |
   Poor relationship with peers | 1.47 | 1.80 | 2.04 | 2.15 | 2.24 | 1.79 | 1.94 | 1.91 | 2.558(2), .080 |  |
Family characteristics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Low positive parenting | 7.43 | 4.24 | 8.40 | 4.32 | 7.12 | 4.54 | 7.52 | 4.41 | - |  |
   Low parental control | 4.80 | 2.88 | 5.36 | 3.57 | 3.89 | 3.09 | 4.51 | 3.19 | 4.519(2), .012 | b |