Table 1 Descriptives and odds ratios of characteristics of controls, one-time offenders and re-offenders

Individual characteristics

SDQ (child/parent report)

Emotional problem

33.3/5.0

14.3/9.2

9.4/5.7

33 (.12-.94)*

.21 (.10-.83)*

Behavioural problems

15.2/12.8

12.5/18.8

9.4/5.7

26 (.06-1.2) ^†

Hyperactivity

0.0/5.0

3.6/7.7

3.1/8.6

Poor relationship with peers

18.2/15

17.9/23.1

6.3/20.0

   Repeated school year

22.6

16.4

37.5

3.1 (1.1-8.4)*

   Reading problems

41.4

56.9

81.3

3.3 (1.2-9.4)*

6.1 (1.9-19.5)**

Affiliation delinquent peers

15.2

21.4

37.5

3.4 (1.0-11.1)*

Family characteristics

   >3 children at home

57.5

55.4

74.3

2.3 (1.0-5.7)^†

   Older brother

51.5

62.5

87.5

4.2 (1.3-13.7)*

6.6 (1.9-23.0)**

   Single parent

5.0

33.8

22.9

5.6 (1.1-28.6)*

   Financial problems

42.5

72.3

69.7

9.7(2.1-44.1)***

3.1 (1.2-8.2)*

   (Any) household member arrest

27.5

41.5

62.9

3.5 (1.5-8.1)**

2.4 (1.0-5.5)*

4.5 (1.7-11.8)**

Arrested brother

15.0

32.3

48.6

5.4 (1.8-16.0)**

Arrested father

10.0

13.8

14.3

2.7 (1.0-7.4)^†

# total arrests household ¹

0.7(1.4)

1.9(4.4)

3.9(5.8)^a**b†

   Low positive parenting

child report

53.1

28.6

28.1

.35 (.12-.97)*

parent report

37.5

35.4

25.7

.35 (.14-.87)*

   Low parenting control

child report

50.0

33.9

31.3

parent report

20.0

10.9

20.0

   Domestic violence

35.0

36.9

37.1

Acculturation characteristics

   Both parents born in Morocco

92.5

76.4

86.7

.26 (.07-1.0)*

   Orientation Dutch society ¹

child (range 1-5)

3.48(.79)^c***

4.15(.83)

4.21(.64)

parent (range 1-5)

3.91(.76)

3.86(.92)

4.30(.78)^d*

   Orientation Moroccan society ¹

child (range 1-5)

4.08(.82)^c*

4.52(.75)

4.53(.53)

parent (range 1-5)

4.66(.44)

4.55(.64)

4.70(.67)

   Considers Dutch child

21.2

29.8

40.0

   Considers Dutch parent

20.0

12.7

28.6

2.8 (1.0-7.8)^†

   Dutch friends child

78.8

66.7

76.7

   Dutch friends parent

22.5

33.3

57.1

2.6 (1.1-6.1)*

5.3 (1.8-15.5)**