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Table 3 Odds ratios for social/legal agency referrals, with 95% confidence interval (CI). N = 2054

From: Pathways to child and adolescent psychiatric clinics: a multilevel study of the significance of ethnicity and neighbourhood social characteristics on source of referral

 

Model I

Empty model

Model II

Model III

Model IV

Fixed effects

    

Individual-level variables

    

Ethnicity

    

   Swedish

 

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

   Nordic countries (other than Sweden)

 

1.41 (0.65-3.06)

1.16 (0.51-2.63)

1.04 (0.46-2.36)

   Other European countries

 

2.19 (1.13-4.24)*

2.21 (1.10-4.44)*

1.84 (0.86-3.94)

   Asia

 

1.82 (1.09-3.05)*

2.03 (1.22-3.38)**

1.50 (0.85-2.67)

   South America

 

1.70 (0.77-3.75)

1.32 (0.58-2.97)

1.06 (0.45-2.50)

   Africa

 

4.57 (2.43-8.60)***

4.51 (2.30-8.85)***

3.55 (1.77-7.10)**

Gender

    

   Girl

  

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

   Boy

  

1.09 (0.76-1.57)

1.08 (0.76-1.54)

Age

  

0.78 (0.71-0.85)***

0.77 (0.71-0.85)***

Family structure

    

   Living with both parents

  

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

   Not living with both parents

  

3.11 (2.12-4.56)***

2.92 (1.98-4.29)***

Neighbourhood-level variable

    

Neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation

   

1.29 (1.10-1.52)**

Random effects

    

Between neighbourhood variance (SE)1

0.088 (0.296)

0.024 (0.154)

0.007 (0.090)

0.008 (0.091)

ICC (%)

2.6

0.7

0.2

0.2

Explained variance (%)

-

73.1

92.3

92.3

  1. ***p < .001, **p < .01, *p <.05. 1 Standard error.