Table 4 Odds ratios for school referrals, with 95% confidence interval (CI). N = 2054

Fixed effects

Individual-level variables

Ethnicity

   Swedish

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

   Nordic countries (other than Sweden)

1.51 (0.88-2.58)

1.54 (0.87-2.72)

1.46 (0.80-2.64)

   Other European countries

1.12 (0.64-1.93)

1.06 (0.62-1.80)

0.99 (0.61-1.60)

   Asia

1.57 (1.11-2.22)*

1.66 (1.17-2.34)**

1.48 (1.07-2.05)*

   South America

2.08 (1.32-3.28)**

1.94 (1.23-3.07)**

1.79 (1.13-2.85)*

   Africa

1.85 (0.88-3.90)

2.00 (0.97-4.15)

1.81 (0.84-3.90)

Gender

   Girl

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

   Boy

1.45 (1.15-1.83)**

1.45 (1.15-1.82)**

Age

0.84 (0.79-0.90)***

0.84 (0.79-0.90)***

Family structure

   Living with both parents

1 (reference)

1 (reference)

   Not living with both parents

0.76 (0.63-0.93)**

0.74 (0.61-0.90)**

Neighbourhood-level variable

Neighbourhood socioeconomic deprivation

1.11 (0.99-1.24)

Random effects

Between-neighbourhood variance (SE)¹

0.052 (0.228)

0.022 (0.149)

0.015 (0.124)

0.006 (0.080)

ICC (%)

1.6

0.7

0.5

0.2

Explained variance (%)

-

56.3

68.8

87.5