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Table 1 Psychological reactions at three assessments after a school-bus crash

From: A longitudinal follow-up of posttraumatic stress: from 9 months to 20 years after a major road traffic accident

 

9 Months

4 years

20 years

Reactions

Total

(n = 102)

Directly affected

(n = 10)

Indirectly affected

(n = 92)

RR [95%CI]

Indirectly affected

(n = 51)

Indirectly affected

(n = 33)

Sadness

70 (69%)

9 (90%)

61 (66%)

1.2 [0.7-2.0]

21 (42%)*

6 (18%)*

Avoidance

60 (59%)

8 (80%)

52 (59%)

1.4 [0.99-2.0]

15 (29%)**

4 (12%)

Feara

23 (23%)

2 (20%)

21 (23%)

0.99 [0.7-1.4]

11 (21%)

-

Guilt

19 (18%)

6 (60%)

12 (13%)

4.6 [2.2-9.6]**

13 (25%)

3 (9%)*

Intrusions

17 (17%)

1 (10%)

16 (17%)

0.93 [0.7-1.2]

9 (17%)

5 (15%)

Nightmares

13 (13%)

5 (50%)

8 (9%)

5.8 [2.3-14.2]**

6 (12%)

1 (3%)*

  1. Note. The risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) compared the prevalence of reactions at 9 months in directly and indirectly affected groups. Asterisks at 4 and 20 years indicate a statistically significant difference in prevalence of reactions in the indirectly affected participants compared with the previous assessment.
  2. aNot assessed at 20 years.
  3. *p< .05. **p < .01.
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Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

ISSN: 1753-2000