Table 1 Clinical factors significantly associated with self-injury with and/or without suicidal ideation

Depressive symptoms [11, 12, 34]

Less suicidal ideation [12]

Depressive symptoms [12, 36]

Suicidal ideation [6, 26, 34]

Interpersonal chaos [35]

More stressful life events [24, 36]

Fewer reasons for living [6]

Physical abuse [9]

Exposure to a suicide attempt [24, 36]

Anhedonia [6, 26]

Any maltreatment [9]

Suicidal ideation [36]

Negative self-evaluation [6, 26]

Anxious symptoms [36]

Impulsivity [34]

Substance use [36]

Hopelessness [34]

MDD [12]

Loneliness [11]

PTSD [12]

Anger [11]

Confusion about self [35]

Confusion about self [35]

Fewer family relationships [36]

Less self-esteem [26]

Physical abuse [24]

Risk taking [11]

Death of a friend [24]

Reckless behavior [11]

Worries about sexual identity [24]

ODD [11]

MDD [11, 12]

Dysthymia [11]

Alcohol use [11]

PTSD [12]

Sexual abuse [9]

Physical abuse [9]

Any maltreatment [9]

Less parental support [26]