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Table 2 Mean score (M) and standard deviation (SD) differences with associated significance level p and effect size f in the different diagnostic groups: personality disorder (PD), internalizing disorder (internal), and externalizing disorder (external)

From: Identity development in adolescents with mental problems

 

Differences between diagnostic groups

 

PD

Internal

External

   

N= 24

N= 24

N=10

 

M (SD)

M (SD)

M (SD)

F

p*1

f*2

AIDA total score: Identity diffusion

135.96 (27.41)

96.82 (39.22)

60.50 (30.18)

13.485

.000***

0.44

1. Discontinuity

58.29 (13.02)

42.23 (18.80)

28.70 (12.66)

9.588

.000***

0.36

1.1 attributes

23.92 (16.05)

19.09 (11.48)

14.40 (6.10)

1.484

.230

0.08

1.2 relationships

20.17 (6.45)

13.00 (7.92)

9.20 (7.38)

7.030

.000***

0.29

1.3 emotional self-refl.

16.29 (5.54)

13.18 (6.65)

5.10 (3.64)

9.751

.000***

0.36

2. Incoherence

74.96 (19.21)

51.55 (25.78)

31.80 (22.07)

9.615

.000***

0.36

2.1 consistent self

32.00 (6.24)

20.82 (9.84)

13.50 (9.93)

13.106

.000***

0.43

2.2 autonomy

26.17 (8.60)

19.77 (8.49)

10.20 (8.43)

8.375

.000***

0.33

2.3 cognitive self-refl.

19.50 (5.88)

14.00 (5.97)

8.10 (6.26)

7.279

.000***

0.35

  1. *1: Significance p ***=0.1% level, *2: effect size f>0.10 small, f>0.25 medium, f>0.40 big.