Table 3 Psychometric properties of 11 retained measures
Measure |  |      Validity |  | Reliability | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Content | Discriminant | Concurrent* | Internal consistency | Test-retest | |
1. Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment (ASEBA) [4] | Procedure for selecting items included literature review, consultation with mental health professionals and special educators and pilot testing with parents/carers, teachers and youth | CBCL: Discriminates between referred and non-referred samples | CBCL: DSM IV checklist 0.49-0.87; clinical diagnoses 0.27-0.6; CPRS-R 0.71-0.8, BASC PRS 0.52-0.89; TRF: CTRS-R 0.77-0.89; BASC TRS 0.46-0.87 | CBCL: 0.63-0.97 | CBCL: 0.82-0.94 (8 days) |
TRF: 0.72-0.97 | TRF: 0.6-0.95 (16 days) | ||||
YSR: 0.55-0.95 | YSR: 0.68-0.91 (8 days) | ||||
TRF: Discriminates between referred and non-referred samples | |||||
YSR: Discriminates between referred and non-referred samples | |||||
2. Beck Youth Inventories (BYI) [25] | Pilot studies used to select initial items based on verbal reports of children who were in therapy, distribution of responses and the ability of an item to differentiate between clinical and non-clinical sample. | Discriminates between clinical group and matched controls; children seeing SEN services and matched controls. | CDI 0.26-0.72; RCMAS scales 0.13 - 0.7; PHCSCS scales 0.06 - 0.67; CASS:S 0.27 - 0.73 | 0.86-0.92 | 0.63-0.89 (1 week median) |
Multiple sources (teachers, students, psychologists, psychiatrists) were asked to write operational definitions of the constructs. Items were written to agree with definitions. | TRS: Discriminates between different clinical profiles PRS: Discriminates between different clinical profiles SRP: Discriminates between different clinical profiles | TRS: SSRS 0.03-0.6 | TRS: 0.82-0.90 | TRF: 0.81-0.96 (1 month) | |
PRS: CBCL 0.71-0.84, SSRS 0.02-0.62 | PRS: 0.74-0.80 | PRS: 0.70-0.85 (1 month) | |||
SRP: 0.80-0.82 | SRP: 0.64-0.86 (1 month) | ||||
SRP: MMPI (0.78-0.89) | |||||
Detailed rationale for content and format of existing subscales (derived based on consultation, item and factor analysis) and rationale for the new career strength subscale. 2. Validity of items checked with classical item analysis used to choose items. 3. Differential item functioning analysis to reinforce and show lack of bias in items. | TRS: Discriminates between normative sample and sample with emotional and behavioural problems. Scales can discriminate between students without disabilities, with learning disabilities and behavioural disorders PRS: Discriminates between normative sample and sample with emotional and behavioural problems. | TRS: WMSSCSA 0.29 - 0.85; SSBD 0.26-0.80; SAED 0.25 -0.71; SSRS 0.21 -0.73; TRF 0.27 - 0.75 | TRS: 0.84 - 0.98 | TRS: 0.85-0.99 (2 weeks); 0.53-0.68 (6 months) | |
YRS: Discriminates between normative sample and sample with emotional and behavioural problems. | PRS: CBCL 0.09 - 0.91; SSRS 0.43 – 0.79 | PRS: 0.84 - 0.97 | PRS: 0.82-0.92 (2 weeks) | ||
YRS: YSR 0.03-0.81; SSRS 0.32-0.73 | YRS: 0.79 - 0.95 | YRS: 0.84-0.91 (2 week) | |||
Items & concepts compared with other published child and adolescent health assessment measures such as CHQ, CHIP etc. | Parent 50: Discriminates between clinical and normative groups | Parent 50: HUI 0.29-0.58 | Parent 50: 0.66 -0.94 | Parent 28: 0.14-0.78 | |
Parent 28: Discriminates between clinical and normative groups | Parent 28: VAS rating of Health 0.15-0.5 | Parent 28: 0.75 | |||
Child Form: 0.62 - 0.94 | |||||
6. Child Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4) [34] | Based on DSM-IV | Parent Checklist: Discriminates between normative and clinical sample | Parent Checklist: CBCL 0.01- 0.73 | Parent Checklist: 0.74- 0.94 | Parent Checklist: 0.46-0.87 - Symptom severity scores; 0.34-0.83- symptom count scores (Average 4.3 weeks) |
Teacher Checklist: TRF 0.08- 0.73 | Teacher Checklist: 0.71 -0.96 | ||||
Teacher Checklist: Discriminates between normative and clinical sample | |||||
Teacher Checklist: 0.47-0.88- Symptom severity scores; 0.54-0.84- symptom count scores (2 weeks) | |||||
7. Health of the Nation Outcomes Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA) [35–37] | Based on HONOS(adults), consultation to adapt usage to children and adolescents | Clinician report: Discriminates between in-patients and outpatients Self-Rated: Discriminates between in-patients and outpatients | Clinician report: CGAS 0.64, SDQ (PR)0.4, PCS 0.62, Behaviour Checklist 0.44 |  | Clinician report: r = 0.69 (6 months, for cases recognised as unchanged); SR: r = 0.81 (1 week) |
Parent/carer report: SDQ (PR) = 0.32 | |||||
Self-report: SDQ = 0.66 | |||||
Kidscreen 52: Literature reviews, expert consultation (Delphi Method), children’s focus groups, card sort technique piloted with 8-18 year olds. Methods from Item response theory (IRT) and classical test theory used to reduce number of items to 52. | Kidscreen 52: Discriminates between healthy and mentally or physically ill children. | Kidscreen 52: KINDL scales 0.16-0.68; Peds QL 0.44-0.61 | Kidscreen 52: 0.77-0.89 | Kidscreen 52: 0.56-0.77(2 weeks) | |
Kidscreen 27: Peds QL 0.16-0.54; CHIP 0.39-0.62; YQOL-S 0.37-0.63 | |||||
Kidscreen 10: PEDSQL 0.57; CHIPS 0.63; YQOL-S 0.61 | |||||
Kidscreen 27: Derived from Kidscreen 52 using EFA, Mokken Scale analysis, Rasch partial credit modelling, MAP analysis and CFA. | |||||
Kidscreen 27: 0.78-0.84 | Kidscreen 27: 0.61-0.74 (2 weeks) | ||||
Kidscreen 27: Discriminates between healthy and mentally or physically ill children. | |||||
Kidscreen 10: 0.82 | Kidscreen 10: 0.7 (2 weeks) | ||||
Kidscreen 10: IRT and differential item functioning techniques were used to reduce 27 items to ten items. | |||||
Kidscreen 10: Discriminates between healthy and mentally or physically ill children. | |||||
The scale is a shortened and revised form of the Washington Symptom Checklist. | Parent/carer report: PSC: | Parent/carer report: PSC: CGAS 79-92%, к =0.82; CBCL к =0.52; DICA к = 0.74; PSC-17: CIS 0.74; CGAS 0.64; CBCL 0.60 | Parent/carer report | Parent/carer report: PSC: 0.86 (1 week) Youth report: 0.45 (4 months) | |
Discriminates between referred and non-referred children and children with and without problems. | PSC: 0.89 | ||||
PSC-17: 0.79-0.89 | |||||
PSC-17: Cross validated factor analysis on PSC. | |||||
PSC-17:Discriminates between children with and without diagnoses(ADHD, externalising, depression) Youth report: Discriminates between students identified as having attentional/behavioural problems and those without these problems | |||||
Youth report: CDI к =0.47; RCMAS к =0.42; Teacher rating of attentional and behavioural problems к =0.58 | |||||
10. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) [6, 47, 48] | Not reported. | Parent/carer report: Discriminates between clinical and normative populations | Parent/carer report: CBCL, 0.59-0.87 | Self-report: 0.69-0.82 | Self-report: 0.21-0.62 (4-6 months) |
Parent/carer report: 0.63-0.85 | Parent/carer report: 0.57-0.72 (4-6 months) | ||||
Teacher report: 0.7-0.88 | Teacher report: 0.65-0.82 (4-6 months) | ||||
Aided by having adolescents define content of data, additional items from adolescent health/welfare experts and reviews of lit | Youth report: Discriminates between clinical and community samples Parent/carer report: Discriminates between clinical and community samples | Youth report: KINDL 0.73, CDI 0.58 | Youth report: 0.77-0.96 | Youth: 0.74-0.85 (1 week) | |
Parent/carer: 0.8 (average 3 weeks) | |||||
Parent/carer report: 0.92 | |||||