Different stability of social-communication problems and negative demanding behaviour from infancy to toddlerhood in a large Dutch population sample

Möricke, Esmé; Lappenschaar, GA Martijn; Swinkels, Sophie HN; Rommelse, Nanda NJ; Buitelaar, Jan K

doi:10.1186/1753-2000-8-19

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

Table 1 Proportion of children with deviant scores on USQ items in exploratory factor analysis with promax rotation at T1 ( N = 4,237)

From: Different stability of social-communication problems and negative demanding behaviour from infancy to toddlerhood in a large Dutch population sample

Item USQ^a	Factor USQ^a	Proportion of children with deviant score	Cronbach’s alpha
	1 Deviant communication		0.69
47^b	Uses gestures appropriately to express him/herself	16.0
48^b	Points at things to show^c	6.2
46^b	Understands at least ten words^c	9.4
45^b	Imitates simple gestures^c	4.6^d
75^b	Uses common names like ‘mummy/daddy’^c	6.0
14^b	Gives or shows something to somebody	2.8
74^b	Imitates sounds made by parents^c	3.1
76^b	Reacts when name is called	5.8^d
41^b	Pays attention when being spoken to	10.1
	2 Negative emotionality		0.81
78	Is stubborn, sullen or irritable	3.0
73	Is fussy, whiny	1.9
66	Is extremely loud	1.2
65	Is uncooperative	2.4
72	Changes mood suddenly	4.1
58	Screams a lot	4.0
38	Is easily upset	6.7
31	Cries a lot	2.5
27	Cannot sit still; is restless or hyperactive	9.8
64	Seems unhappy without clear reason	4.7^d
69	Bites, hits or kicks others	0.9
54	Hurts animals or persons	1.5
24	Cannot concentrate or pay attention for long	8.0
57	Refuses to play active games him/herself	1.2
30	Wants help constantly	2.5
60	Will not share toys or other things	5.7
	3 Deviant reactive behaviour		0.00
19^b	Reacts when being spoken to	0.3
9^b	Reacts normally to sensory stimuli	0.2
	4 Deviant play behaviour		0.20
6^b	Plays with different toys/objects	0.3
7^b	Plays in various ways	1.3
10^b	Shows clear facial expressions	1.1
	5 Demanding behaviour		0.51
34	Demands must be met immediately	13.6
28	Cannot stand waiting; wants everything now	15.7
22	Has angry moods	9.5
67	Wants a lot of attention	12.8
	6 Social anxiety/inhibition		0.03
15^b	Shows interest in other children/adults	0.6
42	Is afraid of certain animals, things or places	3.7
18^b	Likes to play games with others	0.7
	7 Advanced social interaction problems		0.49
53^b	Shows that he/she distinguishes parents from others	9.7^d
70^b	Babbles or makes noises spontaneously^c	5.7^d
61^b	Utters sounds of joy	6.8^d
26^b	Shows interest in new objects/persons	7.1^d
79^b	Follows with eyes when someone moves^c	8.8^d
71^b	Stops wailing when being spoken to	5.6
43^b	Reaches when he/she wants to be held	1.9
35^b	Enjoys learning new things	2.2
	8 Basic social interaction problems		0.18
17^b	Directs social smile to parents and others	0.4
11^b	Makes eye contact easily	1.9
16^b	Likes cuddling	4.2
13	Repeats stereotypic movements	5.5
	9 Sleep problems		0.32
39	Cannot sleep alone	4.1
63	Finds it difficult to fall asleep	7.0
51^b	Clings on when he/she wants to be held	3.4

^aTotal number of items was 62. Only items with factor loading ≥ 0.30 were included (52). Other items were omitted (10): 8 Emotions are understandable; 12 Asks attention when being alone; 23 Is accident prone; 29 Keeps on trying; 32 Wants to do things him/herself; 49 Does not eat well; 52 Sits still for five minutes during reading; 56 Quickly shifts from one activity to another; 62 Cries, stays at place, waits for parent when scared; 68 Uses objects for imaginative play.
^bItems were reversely coded.
^cAdjusted or alternative items.
^dProportions of children with score ‘1’ and ‘2’ were combined and considered as deviant (<limit of 10%); in all other cases only a score of 2 represented deviant behaviour.

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ISSN: 1753-2000

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