Table 1 Included studies in phase 2

Prospective cohort study

 Best et al. [14], USA

Hospital: Ad (n = 70)

High school: Ad (n = 76)

Psychiatric units (n = NS) matched with one high school in same area

Range 37–921;

mean 198

Hospitalised: mean 14.1 ± 1.0; range 11.8–15.9

High school: mean 14.5 ± 0.4; range 13.8–15.8

Hospitalised: 56

High school: 46

Dislocation: Ed

Strong

Before-and-after study (no control group)

 Singh et al. [16], USA

Study 1, HCP:

pre (n = 18); post (n = 18)

Study 2, HCP (n = 5)

Study 1: inpatient

unit (n = 1)

Study 2: inpatient

unit (n = 1)

Study 1: NA

Study 2: NA

Study 1: NA

Study 2: NA

Study 1: NA

Study 2: NA

Study 1: Dislocation: Fa

Study 2: Dislocation: Fa

Study 1: weak

Study 2: weak

Quasi-experimental multiple time series (retrospective)

 Simmerman [15], USA

Ad (n = 107)

RTC (n = 1)

NS

Range 12–19 years

NS

Dislocation: Ed

Weak

Qualitative studies

 Buston [27], UK (Scotland)

Ad (n = 12)

Previously inpatients

NA

Mean 17.3; range 14–20

34

Dislocation: Fa, Fr, Ed

A, B, C, E, F, G, H, I

High

 Claveirole [18], UK (Scotland)

Ad (n = 18); P (n = 16); HCP (n = 23)

Inpatients (n = NS)

NS

Mean 16; range 12–21

33

Contagion

Dislocation: Fa, Fr, NL, St, Ed

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I

High

 Clemens et al. [28, 48], USA

HCP (n = 14)

Inpatient units (n = 4)

Range 5–7

NA

NA

Dislocation:

Ed, Fr

A, B, C, E, F, G, H, I

High

 Colton and Pistrang [26], UK (England)

Ad (n = 19)

Inpatient units (n = 2), eating disorders

Range 35–140

Mean 15.4; range 2–17

0

Contagion

Dislocation: Fa,

Id, Fr

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I,

High

 Haynes et al. (2011)/Painter [19], UK (England)

Ad (n = 10)

Inpatient units (n = 2)

Range 4 weeks to 36 months

Range 13–19

40

Dislocation: Fr,

St, Ed, NL, Id

A, B, C, E, F, G, H, I

High

Moses [20], USA

Ad (n = 80)

Inpatient unit (n = 1)

Mean 7.6 ± 3.9;

range 3–31

Mean 15.3;

range 13–18

59

Dislocation: Fr,

NL, St

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I

High

 Offord et al. [21], UK (England)

Ad (n = 6)

Inpatient units (n = 6), eating disorders

NS

Range 16–23

0

Contagion

Dislocation: Fa,

Id, Fr, Ed, St, NL

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I

High

 Puotiniemi and Kyngas [29], Finland

Ad (n = 1); P (n = 1)

Previously an inpatient

NS

16

0

Dislocation:

Fa, Fr

A, B, C, E, F, H

Medium

Longitudinal descriptive survey (prospective)

 Anderson et al. [49], USA

Ad (n = 424); FU (n = NS)

Inpatient units (n = 5), substance abuse

NS

Mean 15.9 ± 1.3; range 13–18

49.5

Dislocation: Ed

A, B, C, D, E, H

Medium

 Brinkmeyer et al. [50], USA

P (n = 47); FU-1 (n = 34); FU-2 (n = 25)

Inpatient unit (n = 1)

Median 6

Mean 13.11 ± 2.89; range 7–17

56

Dislocation:

Fa, Ed

A, B, C, D, E, F, I

Medium

 Charlemagne [60], USA

P (n = 167); FU (n = 134); HCP (n = 27)

Inpatient unit (n = 1)

Mean 5.9 ± 3.4

Range 13 ± 2.7

48.5

Dislocation: Fa

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I

High

 Czyz et al. [30], USA

Ad (n = 448); FU (n = 338)

Inpatients (n = NS)

NS

Mean 15.6 ± 1.41; range 13–17

29

Dislocation:

Fa, Fr

A, B, C, E, F, G, H, I

High

 Larzelere et al. [51], USA

Ad (n = 43); FU (n = 43)

RTC (n = 1)

Range 18–505; mean 181; median 15

Mean 13.0; range 6–17

48

Dislocation: Ed

B, C, E, F, I

Low

 Moses [20], USA

Ad (n = 102); FU (n = 80)

Inpatient unit (n = 1)

NS

Mean 15.3 ± 1.6; range 13–18

35

Dislocation: St

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I

High

 Parmelee et al. [61], USA

Ch and Ad (n = 90); FU (n = 77)

Inpatient unit (n = 2)

NS

Mean 2.2 ± 3.5; range 4–17

64

Dislocation: Fa

A, B, C, D

Low

 King et al. [30], USA

Ad (n = 57); FU (n = 57)

Inpatient unit (n = 1)

Mean 24.9 ± 10.7

Mean 15.8 ± 1.3; range 11.5–17.8

42

Contagion

A, B, C, E, F, G, I

Medium

Longitudinal descriptive surveys (retrospective)

 Cawthorpe et al. [69], Canada

Ad (n = 198)

Inpatient unit (n = 1)

Males: mean 95.67 ± 56.87; range 1–337

Females: mean 79.82; range 3–254

Males:

mean 14.89 ± 1.28;

range 12–18

Females:

mean 14.77 ± 1.17;

range 12–18

64

Contagion

A, B, C, D, E, F, I

Medium

 Shabat [52], USA

Ch and Ad (n = 457)

RTC (n = 50)

Mean 90.6

Range 6–20

61

Dislocation: Ed

A, B, C, E, F, G, H, I

High

 Lakin et al. [62], USA

Ch and Ad (n = 89)

RTC (n = 1)

Mean 58.6 ± 35.1;

range 7–243

Mean 11.7;

range 5–17

67

Dislocation: Fa

A, B, C, D, E, F, H, I

High

 Halfon et al. [47], France

Ad (n = 137)

Inpatient unit (n = 1)

Mean 10 months

10 days ± 9.3

Mean 17.8 ± 1.5;

range 14–21

54

Dislocation: Ed

A, B, C, D, F, I

Medium

Cross-sectional descriptive surveys

 Moses [20], USA

Ad (n = 102)

Inpatient unit (n = 1)

Mean 7.6 ± 4.2; range 3–31

Mean 15.3 ± 1.5; range 13–19

91.3

Dislocation: St

A, B, C, D, E, F, H, I

High

 Thurber et al. [63], USA

Ch and Ad (n = 50); P (n = 75); HCP (n = NS)

Burn unit (n = 1); paediatric rehabilitation unit (n = 1); inpatient psychiatric unit (n = 1)

Median 20; mean 24 ± 25; range 4–174

Mean 11 ± 3.5; range 3.9–18.6

70

Dislocation: Fa

A, B, C, E, G, I

Medium

Longitudinal descriptive survey (prospective)

 Taiminen et al. [70], Finland

Ad (n = 12)

Inpatient unit (n = 1)

Mean 91.9 ± 73.2;

range 7–200

Mean 15.5;

range 12.3–17.9

0

Contagion

A, B, C, D, E, I

Medium

 Grey literature reports

 Street and Svanberg (2003), Svanberg and Street [22], UK (England and Wales)

Ad (n = 107); P (n = 35); HCP (n = 115); interviews; questionnaire

Inpatient units (n = 10); paediatric wards (n = 2); adult psychiatry ward (n = 1); ‘one-stop ‘service for young homeless people (n = 1)

NS

Mean 16.4

32

Contagion

Dislocation: Fa,

Fr, NL, Ed

A, B, C, D, E, F, H, I

High

 Tulloch et al. [46], UK (England)

HCP (n = 42); questionnaire

Independent and public CAMHS in England (n = 42 of 55, 76 %)

Median 79

Median: 12 years (lower end of the range – 38 % of units); 18 years (upper end of the range – 77 % of units)

NS

Dislocation: Ed

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I

High

 Tulloch et al. [46], UK (England)

Ad (n = 19); P (n = 12); interviews; questionnaire

Independent and public CAMHS in England (n = 42 of 55, 76 %)

NA

NA

NA

Dislocation: Fa

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I

High

 O’Herlihy et al. [45], UK (England and Wales)

CAMHS units (n = 66); questionnaire

Independent and public CAMHS in England and Wales (n = 66 of 80, 82.5 %)

NS

Mean 115 ± 181;

range 0–2194

NS

Dislocation:

Ed, Fa

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I

High

 O’Herlihy et al. [45], UK (England and Wales)

HCP (n = 245); questionnaire

Independent and public CAMHS in England and Wales (n = 80)

NA

NA

NA

Dislocation: Ed A

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I

High

 Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland [17], UK (Scotland)

Ad (n = 29); HCP (n = 11); interviews; case note review

All independent and public CAMHS in Scotland (n = NS)

NS

NS

NS

Dislocation: Ed, Fa

The study method is not fully detailed (e.g. sampling recruitment, participants age, gender, type of analysis)