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Table 1 Relationship between patient characteristics and the number of restraint episodes

From: Characteristics of adolescents frequently restrained in acute psychiatric units in Norway: a nationwide study

 

Number of restraint episodes

N

1

2–4

5–9

≥10

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

Total sample (patients)

97 (36)

88 (33)

35 (13)

47 (18)

267

Gender

 Female

59 (37)

49 (31)

17 (11)

33 (21)

158

 Male

38 (35)

39 (36)

18 (17)

14 (13)

109

Social characteristics

 Immigrant background

  Yes

11 (31)

15 (43)

4 (11)

5 (14)

35

  No

79 (37)

69 (32)

27 (13)

38 (18)

213

  Missing

7 (37)

4 (21)

4 (21)

4 (21)

19

 Living arrangement

  With both parents

32 (37)

26 (30)

8 (9)

21 (24)

87

  With one parent (with or without stepparent)

26 (41)

23 (37)

9 (14)

5 (8)

63

  Foster care or institution

36 (34)

36 (34)

16 (15)

19 (18)

107

  Other

1 (14)

3 (43)

1 (14)

2 (29)

7

  Missing

2 (67)

0 (0)

1 (33)

0 (0)

3

 Current involvement with the child protection service

  Yes

40 (33)

43 (35)

19 (15)

21 (17)

123

  No

37 (35)

33 (31)

12 (11)

23 (22)

105

  Missing

20 (51)

12 (31)

4 (10)

3 (8)

39

Mental health characteristics

 Main psychiatric disorder (Axis One onlya)

  No Axis One disorder

23 (58)

9 (22)

5 (13)

3 (8)

40

  Psychotic or pervasive developmental disorder

19 (50)

9 (24)

2 (5)

8 (21)

38

  Manic episode or bipolar affective disorder

4 (21)

7 (37)

5 (26)

3 (16)

19

  Internalizing disorder

28 (29)

33 (35)

15 (15)

19 (20)

95

  Externalizing disorder

23 (31)

30 (40)

8 (11)

14 (19)

75

 CGASb

  1–34

15 (23)

24 (37)

8 (12)

18 (28)

65

  35–44

23 (37)

22 (35)

8 (13)

9 (15)

62

  45–75

30 (43)

19 (27)

8 (11)

13 (19)

70

  Missing

29 (41)

23 (33)

11 (16)

7 (10)

70

Treatment characteristics

 Number of admissions in the study period

  1

46 (46)

39 (39)

8 (8)

8 (8)

101

  2–3

27 (31)

30 (34)

15 (17)

15 (17)

87

  4–19

24 (30)

19 (24)

12 (15)

24 (30)

79

 Length of admission (days)

  0–4

41 (52)

23 (29)

8 (10)

7 (9)

79

  5–21

31 (30)

38 (37)

18 (17)

17 (16)

104

  22–425

25 (30)

27 (32)

9 (11)

23 (27)

84

 Involuntary referral

  Yes

28 (27)

30 (29)

17 (16)

29 (28)

104

  No

66 (42)

54 (35)

18 (12)

18 (12)

156

  Missing

3 (43)

4 (57)

0 (0)

0 (0)

7

 Concomitant use of restraint

  Yes

3 (17)

5 (28)

2 (11)

8 (44)

18

  No

94 (38)

83 (33)

33 (13)

39 (16)

249

  1. aAxis One is the clinical psychiatric syndromes [23]
  2. b CGAS Children’s Global Assessment Scale (global psychosocial functioning)