Table 2 Risk factors for more frequent restraint episodes
Unadjusted model | Adjusted model | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IRRb | 95% CIa | p | IRRb | 95% CIa | p | |
Gender (ref: male) | ||||||
Female | 1.69 | .99–2.90 | .055 | 2.04 | 1.1–3.74 | .021 |
Social characteristics | ||||||
Immigrant background (ref: yes) | ||||||
No | 1.09 | .37–3.18 | .876 | |||
Living arrangement (ref: with both parents) | ||||||
With one parent (with or without stepparent) | .42 | .19–.94 | .034 | |||
Foster care or institution | .81 | .42–1.57 | .530 | |||
Other | 1.18 | .40–3.46 | .767 | |||
Current involvement with the child protection service (ref: no) | ||||||
Yes | .85 | .46–1.57 | .610 | |||
Mental health characteristics | ||||||
Main psychiatric disorder (ref: no Axis One disorder) | ||||||
Psychotic or pervasive developmental disorder | 4.08 | 1.50–11.09 | .006 | |||
Manic episode or bipolar affective disorder | 6.45 | 1.93–21.52 | .002 | |||
Internalizing disorder | 3.85 | 2.09–21.52 | <.001 | |||
Externalizing disorders | 3.74 | 1.99–7.05 | <.001 | |||
Global psychosocial functioning | ||||||
CGAS (ref 45–75) | ||||||
1–34 | 2.35 | 1.27–4.35 | .006 | 2.59 | 1.34–5.04 | .005 |
35–44 | 1.48 | .67–3.26 | .334 | 1.70 | .71–4.11 | .236 |
Treatment characteristics | ||||||
Number of admissions in the study period (ref: 1) | ||||||
2–3 | 2.33 | 1.07–5.09 | .034 | 2.32 | 1.08–4.95 | .030 |
4–19 | 2.78 | 1.40–5.51 | .003 | 3.28 | 1.76–6.13 | <.001 |
Length of last admission in days (ref: 1–4) | ||||||
5–21 | 1.12 | .55–2.28 | .757 | 1.02 | .51–2.03 | .956 |
22–425 | 2.43 | 1.14–5.20 | .022 | 2.63 | 1.21–5.66 | .014 |
Involuntary referral (ref: no) | ||||||
Yes | 1.70 | .93–3.08 | .083 | |||
Concomitant use of restraint (ref: no) | ||||||
Yes | 3.97 | 2.01–7.84 | <.001 | 3.44 | 1.90–6.22 | <.001 |