Distinct profiles of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescents: associations with cognitive and affective empathy

Table 5 Aggression and empathy scores for identified clusters and results of cluster comparisons

	Re pro AGG (n = 62)		Re AGG (n = 101)		Low AGG (n = 78)		Re pro AGG versus re AGG	Re pro AGG versus low AGG	Re AGG versus low AGG
	M	(SD)	M	(SD)	M	(SD)	p	p	p
Aggression (RPQ)
Reactive aggression	16.06	(4.00)	11.52	(2.60)	4.81	(1.80)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Proactive aggression	11.53	(3.60)	3.21	(2.19)	1.35	(1.39)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Total aggression	27.60	(6.14)	14.74	(3.22)	6.15	(2.50)	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Empathy (BES)
Cognitive empathy	34.18	(5.15)	37.30	(4.23)	37.40	(4.11)	<0.001	<0.01	ns
Affective empathy	31.74	(5.73)	36.32	(7.39)	35.95	(7.35)	<0.01	=0.032	ns
Total empathy	65.91	(7.80)	73.61	(10.08)	73.35	(10.11)	<0.001	<0.01	ns

BES Basic Empathy Scale, RPQ Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire, re pro AGG reactive-proactive aggression cluster, re AGG reactive aggression cluster, low AGG low aggression cluster
p values refer to Bonferroni adjusted post hoc comparisons between identified aggression clusters with age and gender as covariates