The link between infant regulatory problems, temperament traits, maternal depressive symptoms and children’s psychopathological symptoms at age three: a longitudinal study in a German at-risk sample

Table 6 Linear regression analysis for investigating effects of infant regulatory problems at 6 months, maternal depression and distress and child’s temperament traits on its externalizing problems at 3 years (N = 128)

Model summary	R² change	R²	Corrected R²	F	Beta
Block 1/SES, global risk	.066	.066	.043	2.92*
Mother’s education					ns
Household income					ns
Global risk score (HBS)					.165 ⁺
Block 2	.037	.103	.074	3.55**
Child’s gender					−.196*
Block 3	.000	.103	.066	2.82*
Group (IG/CG)					ns
Block 4 early regulatory problems SFS	.158	.261	.218	6.098***
Crying/sleep problems at 6 months					.287***
Feeding problems at 6 months					.190*
Block 5/maternal depression ADS	.117	.378	.336	9.113***
ADS at 3 years					.384***
Block 6/PSI scales	.176	.554	.512	13.232***
Parental distress at 3 years					ns
Dysfunctional parent–child-interaction at 3 years					ns
Difficult child at 3 years					.562***
Block 7/child’s temperament
EAS	.055	.609	.558	11.754***
Emotionality at 3 years					.220*
Activity at 3 years					.199**
Sociability at 3 years					ns
Shyness at 3 years					.130 ⁺
Block 8/maternal depression X child’s temperament	.001	.610	.551	10.226***
ADS X difficult child					ns
ADS X emotionality					ns

Significance of change in F for each signficant values are indicated in italics
SFS questionnaires on crying, feeding and sleeping, CBCL child behavior checklist, EAS emotionality-activity-sociability-temperament survey, ADS Allgemeine Depressionsskala, PSI parental stress index, ns not significant
*** p ≤ .001; ** p ≤ .01; * p ≤ .05; ⁺ p ≤ .10

ISSN: 1753-2000