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Table 2 Odds ratios for the association of at least one record of stimulant treatment for ADHD with cultural and demographic factors

From: Identifying cross-cultural variations in psychostimulant use for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder using linked data

Risk factors

Univariable

Multivariablea

OR (95% CI)

P value

OR (95% CI)

P value

HPNO/LPNO status

 HPNOb

1.00

 

1.00

 

 LPNO

0.51 (0.45–0.59)

<0.001

0.53 (0.46–0.61)

<0.001

Sex

 Maleb

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Female

0.32 (0.31–0.33)

<0.001

0.31 (0.30–0.32)

<0.001

Geographical remoteness

 Metropolitanb

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Rural

0.81 (0.78–0.85)

<0.001

0.80 (0.77–0.84)

<0.001

 Remote

0.44 (0.39–0.50)

<0.001

0.43 (0.38–0.48)

<0.001

Social disadvantage

 Least disadvantagedb

1.00

 

1.00

 

 Less disadvantaged

1.08 (1.01–1.15)

<0.01

1.02 (0.96–1.10)

0.52

 Little disadvantaged

0.98 (0.91–1.05)

0.60

0.97 (0.90–1.04)

0.33

 More disadvantaged

1.05 (0.96–1.14)

0.30

1.02 (0.94–1.12)

0.60

 Most disadvantaged

0.99 (0.89–1.10)

0.78

0.96 (0.86–1.06)

0.41

  1. aAll parameters were included in this model so as to adjust each result for potential confounding by other covariates
  2. b Reference category