Table 3 Association between covariates and mental health among adolescents
From: Dietary behaviour, psychological well-being and mental distress among adolescents in Korea
| Â | Well-being outcomes | Mental distress outcomes | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perceived health | Perceived happiness | Sleep satisfaction | Perceived stress | Depression | |||||||||||
Bad | Good | p-value | Unhappy | Happy | p-value | Insufficient | Sufficient | p-value | Less | Much | p-value | No | Yes | p-value | |
Sex (boys) | 43.2 | 55.7 | <Â .0001 | 47.2 | 54.7 | < .0001 | 47.7 | 64.8 | < .0001 | 57.9 | 42.5 | < .0001 | 55.4 | 42.7 | < .0001 |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 15.4 (0.02) | 15.0 (0.02) | < .0001 | 15.4 (0.02) | 15.0 (0.02) | < .0001 | 15.3 (0.02) | 15.0 (0.03) | < .0001 | 15.0 (0.02) | 15.3 (0.02) | < .0001 | 15.0 (0.02) | 15.3 (0.02) | < .0001 |
BMI | |||||||||||||||
 Normal weight | 71.4 | 79.2 | < .0001 | 76.3 | 77.4 | 0.008 | 77.3 | 76.2 | 0.0239 | 77.8 | 75.6 | < .0001 | 77.0 | 77.1 | 0.3670 |
 Thinness | 7.3 | 5.1 |  | 5.8 | 5.6 |  | 5.6 | 6.0 |  | 5.8 | 5.5 |  | 5.8 | 5.5 |  |
 Overweight/obesity | 21.3 | 15.7 |  | 18.0 | 17.0 |  | 17.1 | 17.9 |  | 16.4 | 18.8 |  | 17.2 | 17.5 |  |
School level | |||||||||||||||
 High school | 62.3 | 51.6 | < .0001 | 62.4 | 50.7 | < .0001 | 60.0 | 39.2 | < .0001 | 51.9 | 59.2 | < .0001 | 52.9 | 59.5 | < .0001 |
 Middle school | 37.7 | 48.4 |  | 37.6 | 49.3 |  | 40.0 | 60.8 |  | 48.1 | 40.8 |  | 47.1 | 40.5 |  |
Types of school | |||||||||||||||
 Mixed | 60.8 | 62.5 | < .0001 | 61.1 | 62.5 | < .0001 | 60.6 | 66.1 | < .0001 | 62.6 | 61.0 | < .0001 | 61.8 | 62.6 | < .0001 |
 Boys only | 16.8 | 20.3 |  | 18.0 | 19.9 |  | 18.5 | 21.4 |  | 21.3 | 15.9 |  | 20.7 | 15.2 |  |
 Girls only | 22.4 | 17.2 |  | 21.0 | 17.6 |  | 20.9 | 12.5 |  | 16.0 | 23.2 |  | 17.5 | 22.1 |  |
Paternal education level | |||||||||||||||
 High school or less | 39.8 | 35.3 | < .0001 | 39.4 | 35.2 | < .0001 | 37.4 | 34.1 | < .0001 | 35.7 | 37.9 | < .0001 | 36.4 | 37.1 | 0.1642 |
 College or higher | 60.2 | 64.7 |  | 60.6 | 64.8 |  | 62.6 | 65.9 |  | 64.3 | 62.1 |  | 63.6 | 62.9 |  |
Maternal education level | |||||||||||||||
 High school or less | 47.9 | 42.5 | 0.0009 | 47.4 | 42.4 | < .0001 | 45.3 | 40.3 | < .0001 | 42.9 | 45.8 | < .0001 | 44.0 | 44.2 | 0.7602 |
 College or higher | 52.1 | 57.5 |  | 52.6 | 57.6 |  | 54.7 | 59.7 |  | 57.1 | 54.2 |  | 56.0 | 55.8 |  |
Socio-economic status | |||||||||||||||
 High/upper middle | 27.3 | 41.0 | < .0001 | 26.4 | 42.6 | < .0001 | 34.6 | 44.5 | < .0001 | 39.1 | 33.8 | < .0001 | 38.0 | 34.6 | < .0001 |
 Middle | 50.1 | 46.1 |  | 50.4 | 45.7 |  | 48.5 | 43.7 |  | 48.2 | 45.7 |  | 48.1 | 44.7 |  |
 Lower middle/Low | 22.6 | 12.8 |  | 23.2 | 11.7 |  | 16.9 | 11.8 |  | 12.7 | 20.5 |  | 13.8 | 20.8 |  |
Place of residence | |||||||||||||||
 Rural area | 5.4 | 6.0 | 0.0016 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 0.006 | 5.7 | 6.3 | 0.2566 | 5.7 | 6.1 | 0.1621 | 38.0 | 34.6 | < .0001 |
 Large city | 42.0 | 43.8 |  | 42.2 | 43.9 |  | 43.3 | 43.3 |  | 43.8 | 42.6 |  | 48.1 | 44.7 |  |
 Medium-sized city | 52.6 | 50.1 |  | 52.2 | 50.1 |  | 51.0 | 50.4 |  | 50.5 | 51.3 |  | 13.8 | 20.8 |  |
Physical activity (≥ 60 min) | |||||||||||||||
 No | 42.9 | 34.3 | < .0001 | 41.0 | 34.7 | < .0001 | 37.6 | 34.3 | < .0001 | 35.8 | 38.4 | < .0001 | 37.2 | 35.6 | 0.0011 |
 1–2/week | 34.6 | 30.9 |  | 32.7 | 31.6 |  | 32.8 | 29.6 |  | 31.2 | 33.3 |  | 31.6 | 33.1 |  |
 3+/week | 22.5 | 34.7 |  | 26.4 | 33.7 |  | 29.6 | 36.0 |  | 33.1 | 28.3 |  | 31.3 | 31.3 |  |
 Ever smoking (yes) | 15.7 | 14.5 | 0.0013 | 17.7 | 13.4 | < .0001 | 15.9 | 11.9 | < .0001 | 13.9 | 16.4 | < .0001 | 12.9 | 20.4 | < .0001 |
 Ever alcohol drinking (yes) | 42.0 | 37.5 | < .0001 | 44.4 | 36.0 | < .0001 | 41.7 | 30.4 | < .0001 | 36.2 | 43.1 | < .0001 | 35.5 | 48.3 | < .0001 |