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Table 2 Selected cohort and within-pairs estimates between mpas and categorical diagnoses/dimensional variables (Autistic Traits, IQ)

From: Minor physical anomalies in neurodevelopmental disorders: a twin study

Categorical diagnoses

Cohort estimate

Within-pairs conditional estimate

MZ only within-pair conditional estimate

β

OR

95% CI (OR)

p value

β

OR

95% CI (OR)

p value

β

OR

95% CI (OR)

p value

ASD and MPAs

 No adjustments

.25

1.29

1.00–1.66

.047

.25

1.28

.60–2.75

.529

.35

1.42

0.63–3.19

.398

 Adjusted for IQ

.23

1.26

.98–1.61

.073

.16

1.18

.55–2.54

.673

.55

1.73

.47–6.45

.413

 Adjusted for ADHD

.25

1.29

1.02–1.63

.032

1.00

2.71

.84–8.80

.097

1.00

2.71

.83–8.81

.097

 Adjusted for other NDDs

.28

1.33

1.05–1.67

.016

1.00

2.71

.84–8.80

.097

1.00

2.71

.83–8.81

.097

Dimensional variables

Cohort estimate

Within-pairs conditional estimate

MZ only within-pair conditional estimate

β

SE

95% CI (β)

p value

β

SE

95% CI (β)

p value

β

SE

95% CI (β)

p value

IQ and MPAs

 No adjustments

− .95

.32

− 1.59 to − .32

.003

.30

.69

− 1.04 to 1.64

.665

− .15

.67

− 1.46 to 1.17

.828

SRS-2 and MPAs

 No adjustments

3.02

.98

1.09 to 4.94

.002

1.49

1.80

− 2.04 to 5.02

.409

2.11

1.85

− 1.51 to 5.73

.254

 Adjusted for IQ

2.28

.97

.37 to 4.18

.019

1.78

1.83

− 1.82 to 5.37

.332

1.88

1.68

− 1.41 to 5.17

.263

  1. Cohort and within-pairs associations between ASD, autistic traits and the number of minor physical anomalies (MPAs). The cohort model estimates associations between variables while accounting for the twin correlation; the within-pairs model estimates associations after adjusting for factors shared within twins like genetics and environment. ADHD or other NDD diagnoses, as well as IQ, were used as covariates in the each of the models
  2. MPAs minor physical anomalies, MZ monozygotic, IQ intelligence quotient, ASD autism spectrum disorder, ADHD attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ID intellectual disability, NDD neurodevelopmental disorder, SRS-2 Social Responsiveness Scale-2