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Table 3 Studies reporting ASD in TS samples and TS in ASD samples

From: Tourette syndrome and other neurodevelopmental disorders: a comprehensive review

Author (year)

Type of study

N

Age

Comorbidity rate

Scales

Country

TS in ASD samples

 Canitano and Vivanti (2007) [44]

Clinical cohort of ASD

105

Mean, 12

11% TS

DSM IV criteria

YGTSS

Vineland ABS

Italy

 Baron-Cohen (1999) [43]

Clinical cohort of ASD

458

Mean, 11.1

6.2% TS

NHIS

YGTSS

DSM III-IV criteria

England

 Kano et al. (1987) [42]

Clinical cohort of ASD

76

NS

2.6% TS

NS

Japan

ASD in TS samples

 Burd et al. (2009) [45]

Clinical cohort of TS

7288

NS

4.6% ASD

DSM IV criteria

Tic international database (author from US)

 Ghanizadeh et al. (2009) [65]

Clinical cohort of TS

35

Mean, 11.8

2.9% ASD

68.6% ADHD

CBCL

K-SADS

YGTSS

Iran

 Huisman-van Dijk et al. (2016) [11]

Clinical cohort of TS

225

6–72

26% ADHD

20% ASD

35.9% OCD

Conners

AQ

SCID-I

Y-BOCS

YGTSS

Germany

  1. AQ, autism-spectrum quotient; ASD, autism spectrum disorder; CBCL, child behavior checklist; CYBOCS, children’s Yale-brown obsessive compulsive scale; K-SADS, Kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia; NHIS, national hospital interview schedule; NS, not specified; OCD, obsessive compulsive disorder; SCID, structured clinical interview; Vineland ABS, Vineland adaptive behavior scales; Y-BOCS, Yale-brown obsessive–compulsive scale; YGTSS, Yale global tic severity scale