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Table 4 Path analyses (n = 1604)

From: A longitudinal study of socioeconomic status, family processes, and child adjustment from preschool until early elementary school: the role of social competence

Construct

B

SE

β

Socioeconomic status

 Family income

→

Destructive marital conflict

− .11

.03

− 3.83***

 Family income

→

Constructive marital conflict

.09

.03

3.04**

 Family income

→

Negative parenting practices

− .11

.03

− 3.82***

 Family income

→

Positive parenting practices

.09

.03

3.05**

 Family income

→

Social skills

.09

.03

3.29**

 Family income

→

T2 internalizing problems

− .08

.02

− 3.48***

 Family income

→

T2 externalizing problems

− .06

.02

− 2.65**

 Maternal education level

→

Destructive marital conflict

− .03

.03

− .90

 Maternal education level

→

Constructive marital conflict

.07

.03

2.17*

 Maternal education level

→

Negative parenting practices

− .07

.03

− 2.28*

 Maternal education level

→

Positive parenting practices

.06

.03

2.03*

 Maternal education level

→

Social skills

.04

.03

1.18

 Maternal education level

→

T2 internalizing problems

− .09

.02

− 3.75***

 Maternal education level

→

T2 externalizing problems

− .05

.02

− 2.11*

 Paternal education level

→

Destructive marital conflict

− .10

.03

− 3.46***

 Paternal education level

→

Constructive marital conflict

.10

.03

3.31***

 Paternal education level

→

Negative parenting practices

− .06

.03

− 2.08*

 Paternal education level

→

Positive parenting practices

.01

.03

.38

 Paternal education level

→

Social skills

.08

.03

2.85**

 Paternal education level

→

T2 internalizing problems

−.04

.02

−1.69

 Paternal education level

→

T2 externalizing problems

− .02

.02

− .67

Marital conflict

 Destructive marital conflict

→

Negative parenting practices

.22

.03

6.83***

 Destructive marital conflict

→

Positive parenting practices

−.01

.03

−.30

 Destructive marital conflict

→

Social skills

− .11

.03

− 3.47***

 Destructive marital conflict

→

T2 internalizing problems

.08

.03

3.08**

 Destructive marital conflict

→

T2 externalizing problems

.05

.02

2.25*

 Constructive marital conflict

→

Negative parenting practices

−.01

.03

−.19

 Constructive marital conflict

→

Positive parenting practices

.26

.03

8.16***

 Constructive marital conflict

→

Social skills

.09

.03

2.68**

 Constructive marital conflict

→

T2 internalizing problems

− .03

.03

− 1.09

 Constructive marital conflict

→

T2 externalizing problems

− .01

.02

− .54

Parenting practice

 Negative parenting practices

→

Social skills

− .10

.03

− 3.90***

 Negative parenting practices

→

T2 internalizing problems

.07

.02

3.30***

 Negative parenting practices

→

T2 externalizing problems

.20

.02

10.08***

 Positive parenting practices

→

Social skills

.08

.03

3.10**

 Positive parenting practices

→

T2 internalizing problems

− .05

.02

− 2.56**

 Positive parenting practices

→

T2 externalizing problems

− .10

.02

− 4.90***

Child social competence

 Social skills

→

T2 internalizing problems

− .38

.02

− 18.65***

 Social skills

→

T2 externalizing problems

− .45

.02

− 22.75***

Child adjustment

 T1 internalizing problems

→

T2 internalizing problems

.50

.02

27.03***

 T1 externalizing problems

→

T2 externalizing problems

.39

.02

21.30***

  1. * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** p < .001