Table 1 Exploratory factor analysis of the CPCS (N = 797)
Item no. | Contents | M (SD) | Skewness | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Boys | Girls | Gender difference | |||
Cognitive | ||||||
1 | Among the best at studying | 2.44 (1.00) | 2.45 (1.01) | 2.43 (1.00) | t (791) = .3 | − .0 |
5 | Poor at studying (R) | 2.41 (1.11) | 2.42 (1.13) | 2.40 (1.09) | t (793) = .2 | .1 |
9 | You are one of the cleverest | 2.20 (1.02) | 2.19 (1.02) | 2.21 (1.02) | t (794) = .2 | .2 |
13 | Your grades are bad (R) | 2.51 (1.09) | 2.45 (1.13) | 2.57 (1.05) | t (791.9) = 1.5 | − .1 |
17 | Finish your homework quickly | 2.71 (1.07) | 2.73 (1.12) | 2.68 (1.02) | t (791.2) = .6 | − .3 |
21 | Understand school lessons well | 2.98 (.92) | 2.97 (1.00) | 2.99 (.85) | t (788.3) = .3 | − .6 |
25 | Unable to answer questions (R) | 2.82 (.98) | 2.77 (1.04) | 2.88 (.91) | t (789.0) = 1.6 | − .5 |
29 | Attempt challenging problems | 2.82 (1.07) | 2.86 (1.09) | 2.78 (1.05) | t (792) = 1.1 | − .4 |
33 | Get good scores in exams | 2.32 (1.02) | 2.33 (1.03) | 2.31 (1.03) | t (794) = .4 | .1 |
37 | Express your opinions in class | 2.41 (1.11) | 2.54 (1.12) | 2.27 (1.09) | t (795) = 3.5 | .1 |
Social | ||||||
2 | Have many friends | 3.36 (.83) | 3.39 (.83) | 3.31 (.82) | t (793) = 1.3 | − 1.2 |
6 | You are popular in your class | 2.04 (.90) | 2.11 (.94) | 1.96 (.86) | t (794.6) = 2.4* | .4 |
10 | Teased by your friends? (R) | 3.32 (.94) | 3.26 (1.00) | 3.38 (.89) | t (790.8) = 1.8 | − 1.2 |
14 | Nobody worries when you are absent (R) | 2.72 (1.00) | 2.72 (1.00) | 2.72 (1.00) | t (794) = .1 | − .3 |
18 | Easy to make friends | 2.69 (1.11) | 2.74 (1.09) | 2.63 (1.13) | t (793) = 1.4 | − .3 |
22 | Friends invite you to play | 3.08 (1.00) | 3.09 (1.00) | 3.07 (.95) | t (795) = .4 | − .8 |
26 | You are the hub of the class | 2.12 (1.00) | 2.16 (.98) | 2.08 (.93) | t (791) = 1.3 | .4 |
30 | You are liked by your friends | 2.65 (1.00) | 2.65 (.97) | 2.65 (.94) | t (792) = .0 | − .4 |
34 | People do not pay much attention to you (R) | 3.25 (.86) | 3.20 (.89) | 3.31 (.83) | t (790) = 1.9 | − 1.1 |
38 | People will feel sad if change school | 2.82 (1.00) | 2.76 (1.02) | 2.88 (.98) | t (791.8) = 1.7 | − .5 |
Physical | ||||||
3 | Good at sports | 2.81 (1.06) | 2.95 (1.01) | 2.65 (1.09) | t (780.0) = 4.0*** | − .4 |
7 | Confidence in new sports | 2.43 (1.08) | 2.53 (1.07) | 2.32 (1.08) | t (793) = 2.8** | .1 |
11 | Chosen for the sports meets | 2.12 (1.15) | 2.17 (1.18) | 2.07 (1.11) | t (793.0) = 1.1 | .5 |
15 | Prefer watching rather than participating in sports (R) | 2.94 (1.20) | 3.05 (1.19) | 2.82 (1.21) | t (785.4) = 2.7** | − .6 |
19 | Interested in trying new sports | 2.83 (1.16) | 2.90 (1.15) | 2.75 (1.17) | t (794) = 1.8 | − .4 |
23 | Dislike PE (R) | 3.28 (1.00) | 3.43 (.91) | 3.13 (1.02) | t (771.9) = 4.3*** | − 1.2 |
27 | Poor at sports | 2.94 (1.16) | 3.12 (1.09) | 2.76 (1.19) | t (776.3) = 4.5*** | − .6 |
31 | Not lose to friends at sports | 2.33 (1.09) | 2.43 (1.08) | 2.23 (1.09) | t (793) = 2.7** | .2 |
35 | Amongst the best at sports | 2.53 (1.05) | 2.60 (1.15) | 2.33 (1.33) | t (792) = 3.3** | − 1.4 |
39 | Prefer not to be seen by others when you do sports (R) | 2.91 (1.14) | 3.02 (1.13) | 2.79 (1.14) | t (794) = 2.9** | − .6 |
General self-worth | ||||||
4 | Have self-confidence | 2.48 (1.00) | 2.54 (.89) | 2.40 (1.00) | t (791) = 2.0* | .0 |
8 | Do things better than others | 2.34 (.92) | 2.42 (.92) | 2.25 (.92) | t (792) = 2.5* | .1 |
12 | Have a lot of things to be proud of | 2.20 (1.00) | 2.29 (1.04) | 2.10 (.94) | t (793.0) = 2.7** | .4 |
16 | Does not go well whatever you do (R) | 2.89 (1.01) | 2.97 (1.03) | 2.82 (1.00) | t (791) = 2.1* | − .6 |
20 | Satisfied with the way you are now | 2.39 (1.09) | 2.45 (1.10) | 2.34 (1.07) | t (795) = 1.4 | .1 |
24 | Will surely become a great person | 1.84 (.94) | 1.94 (1.00) | 1.73 (.89) | t (791) = 3.1** | .9 |
28 | Not a useful person (R) | 2.63 (1.00) | 2.68 (.88) | 2.58 (.95) | t (795) = 1.4 | − .3 |
32 | Have confidence in your own opinion | 2.51 (1.06) | 2.60 (1.07) | 2.42 (1.05) | t (788) = 2.4* | .0 |
36 | Have few good points (R) | 2.53 (1.06) | 2.54 (1.09) | 2.52 (.99) | t (792.8) = .2 | − .1 |
40 | Worried about whether or not you fail (R) | 2.37 (1.15) | 2.52 (1.17) | 2.22 (1.10) | t (794.0) = 3.7*** | .2 |