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Table 4 Adolescents with experience of care-giver abuse and how their general, mental and physical health problems are distributed over different background variables (only significant interactions, 3-way and higher, in italics, are presented)

From: Child physical abuse: factors influencing the associations between self-reported exposure and self-reported health problems: a cross-sectional study

Interaction

p

OR (95% CI)

Mental health problems

 Mental*mother-abuse*LYexp*foreign

0.011

 

 Foreign = no

  Mental*mother-abuse*LYexp

0.041

 

 LYexp = no

  Mental*mother-abuse

0.043

1.63 (1.01–2.63)

 LYexp = yes

  Mental*mother-abuse

0.294α

0.71 (0.37–1.35)

 Foreign = yes

  Mental*mother-abuse*LYexp

0.043

 

 LYexp = no

  Mental*mother-abuse

0.100β

0.45 (0.17–1.18)

 LYexp = yes

  Mental*mother-abuse

0.636β

1.52 (0.26–8.77)

  Mental*father-abuse*LYexp*type

0.042

 

 Type = mild

  Mental*father-abuse*LYExp

0.003

 

 LYexp = no

  Mental* father-abuse

0.040

0.63 (0.40–0.98)

 LYexp = yes

  Mental* father-abuse

0.027

2.27 (1.09–4.73)

 Type = severe

  Mental*father-abuse* LYExp

0.494

 

 LYexp = yes or no

  Mental*father-abuse

0.559α

0.89 (0.63–1.30)

Physical health problems

 Physical *type*gender

< 0.001

 

 Boys

  Physical*type

< 0.001

5.54 (2.68–11.45)

 Girls

  Physical*type

0.593α

1.16 (0.67–2.00)

  Physical*mother-abuse*LYexp

 < 0.001

 

 LYexp = no

  Physical*mother-abuse

0.032

1.67 (1.04–2.67)

 LYexp = yes

  Physical*mother-abuse

0.009

0.44 (0.24–0.82)

General health problems

 General *mother-abuse*LYexp

0.035

 

 LYexp = no

  General*mother-abuse

0.033

2.25 (1.05–4.81)

 LYexp = yes

  General*mother-abuse

0.384

0.72 (0.34–1.52)

Mental and physical health problems

 Mental*physical*mother-abuse*gender

0.024

 

 Boys

 

  Mental*physical*mother-abuse

0.177γ

 

  Mental*physical

< 0.001

4.51 (2.22–9.19)

 Girls

  Mental*physical*mother-abuse

0.038

 

  Mother-abuse (no) mental*physical

0.055

2.01 (0.98–4.12)

  Mother-abuse (yes) mental*physical

< 0.001

5.40 (2.96–8.96)

  1. Odds ratios (OR) show the increased odds of health problem in case of presence of the other variable included compared to not
  2. Variables: general = general health problems (no, yes), mental = mental health problems (no, yes), physical = physical health problems (no, yes), Genmoo der (boys, girls), mother-abuse (no, yes), father-abuse (no, yes), LYexp = last-year experience (no, yes), type = type of abuse (mild, severe), foreign = foreign background (no, yes)
  3. p-values for three- or four-way interactions are based on Likelihood Ratios (which tests the null hypothesis that the interaction is zero) and p-values for two-way interactions, in order to explain higher-order interactions, are based on Chi square tests of homogeneity. The strength of (significant) two-way interactions are given by odds ratios (OR). (e.g. mental*physical has OR = 4.51 means that adolescents with experience of physical health problems have 4.51 times higher odds to also have mental health problems compared to adolescents without physical health problems.)
  4. αNon-significant test is given as reference to explain overlying three-way interaction (i.e. that the two-way interaction in this subgroup is different compared to the other subgroup(s) included in the three-way interaction)
  5. βThe two-way interactions are not significant, but they have different directions (i.e. odds ratios are on opposite sides of 1), which explains the significant three-way interaction
  6. γNon-significant test is given as reference to explain overlying four-way interaction (i.e. that the three-way interaction in this subgroup is different compared to the other subgroup included in the four-way interaction)