Executive functioning and neurodevelopmental disorders in early childhood: a prospective population-based study

Table 3 The association between executive functioning and ASD diagnoses (n = 3796; diagnoses n = 56)

	ASD diagnoses
	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p	OR	95% CI	p
Executive functioning total	3.22	2.49–4.18	< .001	2.90	2.18–3.86	< .001	2.69	1.92–3.77	< .001
Inhibition	5.50	3.58–8.48	< .001	4.25	2.68–6.74	< .001	3.35	1.98–5.67	< .001
Shifting	10.29	6.10–17.37	< .001	7.87	4.56–13.56	< .001	6.39	3.57–11.45	< .001
Emotional control	6.95	4.07–11.86	< .001	5.54	3.15–9.74	< .001	4.13	2.17–7.85	< .001
Working memory	4.72	3.11–7.17	< .001	3.74	2.38–5.90	< .001	2.86	1.72–4.76	< .001
Planning/organizing	4.39	2.39–8.04	< .001	3.04	1.59–5.82	.001	1.81	0.88–3.72	.107

Parameter estimates are odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals and significance values. Model 1 is unadjusted
Model 2 is adjusted for covariates: gender, gestational age, ethnicity, maternal education, and maternal psychopathology. Model 3 is adjusted for the covariates in model 2 and baseline emotional and behavioral problems (parent-rated CBCL total problems at age 3)

ISSN: 1753-2000