Fig. 1 

German native/Russian origin comparison: Item True Score Functions (item characteristic curves) and Item Response Functions of the items marked for DIF (numbers in Item Response Functions are category thresholds). The Item Response Functions display the probability of endorsing the item response options “not true” (0), “somewhat true” (1) or “certainly true” (2) as a function of the IRT theta score adjusted for DIF. Slope and category threshold values by group are displayed within the graphs. Individual–level DIF impact shows the difference in scores between using scores that ignore DIF and those that account for DIF. Positive values indicate that accounting for DIF led to lower SDQ scores, negative values indicate that accounting for DIF led to higher SDQ scores