Table 6 Model fit of configural models tested separately in the subgroups without items marked for DIF

Model, degrees of freedom, p value

5 factor model, df = 220, p < 0.001

 Chi²

524.275674

537.840014

652.941623

-^a

 CFI

0.91917157

0.91276914

0.79070152

–

 RMSEA (90% CI)

0.051 (0.046–0.057)

0.052 (0.047–0.058)

0.065 (0.059–0.071)

–

 SRMR

0.077

0.088

0.096

–

Model, degrees of freedom, p value

5 factor model & higher order factors internalizing and externalizing problems, df = 223, p < 0.001

 Chi²

–^a

577.394

651.202

–^a

 CFI

–

0.903

0.793

–

 RMSEA (90% CI)

–

0.055 (0.050–0.061)

0.064 (0.059–0.070)

–

 SRMR

–

0.092

0.097

–

Model, degrees of freedom, p value

5-factor model and general problem behaviour as higher-order factor, df = 225, p < 0.001

 Chi²

579.197

594.173

641.429

825.560

 CFI

0.906

0.899

0.799

0.779

 RMSEA (90% CI)

0.055 (0.049–0.060)

0.056 (0.050–0.061)

0.063 (0.057–0.069)

0.069 (0.064–0.074)

 SRMR

0.084

0.095

0.097

0.097

Model, degrees of freedom, p value

2 factor-model (general problem behaviour factor and prosocial behaviour factor), df = 229, p < 0.001

 Chi²

1033.461

989.836

882.058

935.999

 CFI

0.786

0.791

0.684

0.739

 RMSEA (90% CI)

0.082 (0.077–0.087)

0.08 (0.0745–0.085)

0.078 (0.072–0.084)

0.074 (0.069–0.079)

 SRMR

0.113

0.120

0.111

0.104

Model, degrees of freedom, p value

3 factor model (internalizing & externalizing problem behaviour, prosocial behaviour), df = 227, p < 0.001

 Chi²

738.805

732.610

770.730

858.082

 CFI

0.864

0.861

0.737

0.767

 RMSEA (90% CI)

0.066 (0.060–0.071)

0.065 (0.060–0.070)

0.072 (0.066–0.077)

0.070 (0.065–0.076)

 SRMR

0.096

0.105

0.104

0.098

Model, degrees of freedom, p value

4 factor model (internalizing problem behaviour, conduct problems, hyperactivity, prosocial behaviour), df = 224, p < 0.001

 Chi²

621.611886

611.2929

708.838157

845.806496

 CFI

0.894

0.894

0.766

0.771

 RMSEA (90% CI)

0.058 (0.053–0.064)

0.057 (0.052–0.063)

0.068 (0.063–0.074)

0.070 (0.065–0.075)

 SRMR

0.088

0.095

0.098

0.097