Table 1 Problematic behavior (PB) and Problematic traits (PT) are two of the three themes from the qualitative content analysis. The figure presents the different categories with their subcategories and some examples of different problems, described by the mothers
Category (PB) | Subcategory/dimensions | Examples of problems |
|---|---|---|
Defiant behavior | Disobediance | Does not obey; Does not obey when choosing clothes; Causes trouble when eating; Does not do homework; Creates conflicts in everyday routine situations; Does not listen; Does not mind me |
Inflexibility | Has his own rules; Wants to decide everything himself; Wants to do things in his own way; Has strange ideas; Has fixed ideas | |
Rebelliousness | Powerstruggles with mother daily; Constant contrary to parents; Test limits; Protesters; Refuses to follow rules; Refuses to follow corrections; Refuses to stop; Refuses to cooperate; Constant struggles each time when doing things | |
Emotionally externalizing behavior | Outbursts | Aggressive outbursts; Severe outbursts of anger; Temper tantrums |
Noise | Screaming and shouting | |
Norm-breaking behavior | Dishonesty | Lying; Fibbing; Blaming others |
Negativ behavior | Running away from home; Breaking things; Drawing on walls | |
Provocative behavior | Teasing | Teases little brother; Treats brother bad |
Conflict seeking | Seeking and initiating conflict; Fighting with siblings; Fighting with peers | |
Aggressive behavior | Violates siblings | Hits little brother; Attacks younger sister; Physical fights with siblings |
Violates parents | Attacks mother; Wants to hurt dad | |
Violates peers | Attacks others, Constantly fighting; Attacks those who pass | |
Hyperactive behavior | High activity | Overactivity; Anxiety with restlessness |
Category (PT) | ||
Defiant traits | Disobediant traits | Is obstinate; Bossy; Insistent; Loudmouthed; Contentious |
Inflexible traits | Is stubbhorn; Headstrong; Strong-willed | |
Rebellious traits | Is impertinent; Disrespectful | |
Provocative traits | Is provocative; Disorderly | |
Negative emotional traits | Internalized traits | Is tense and anxious; Afraid; Constantly Worried; Has fears; Is afraid to fail; Is sad; Does not feel well; Has low self-esteem |
Negativistic traits | Is unpleasant; Jealous; Negative; Is grumpy; Frustrated; Never satisfied; Whiny | |
Aggressive traits | Is angry; Aggressive; Frustrated and angry; Aggressive with no provocation | |
Hyperactive and impulsive traits | High activity traits | Is restless; Active; Intense; Extremely impatient |
Impulsive traits | Is intrusive; Impulsive | |