Table 5 Major outcome variables before and after intervention in two groups
Variables | Groups | Totala | After Intervention, n (%) | p-value* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low | Average | High | ||||
Life satisfaction Before intervention | Experimental (n = 145, 100%) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Low | 52 (36.1) | 26 (18.1) | 17 (11.8) | 9 (6.2) | < 0.001 | |
 Average | 51 (35.5) | 10 (6.9) | 20 (13.8) | 21 (14.8) | ||
 High | 42 (28.4) | 1 (0.7) | 9 (6.3) | 32 (21.4) | ||
 Totalb | – | 37 (25.7) | 46 (31.9) | 62 (42.4) |  | |
Control (n = 139, 100%) |  |  |  |  |  | |
 Low | 49 (35.3) | 27 (19.4) | 8 (5.8) | 14 (10.1) | 0.22 | |
 Average | 39 (28) | 12 (8.6) | 17 (12.2) | 10 (7.2) | ||
 High | 51 (36.7) | 1 (0.7) | 9 (6.5) | 41 (29.5) | ||
 Totalb | – | 40 (28.7) | 34 (24.5) | 65 (36.8) |  | |
Happiness Before intervention | Experimental (n = 145, 100%) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Low | 47 (32.4) | 23 (15.8) | 14 (9.7) | 10 (6.9) | < 0.001 | |
 Average | 57 (39.4) | 7 (4.8) | 20 (13.8) | 30 (20.7) | ||
 High | 41 (28.2) | 6 (4.1) | 8 (5.5) | 27 (18.6) | ||
 Totalb | – | 36 (24.7) | 42 (29) | 57 (46) |  | |
Control (n = 139, 100%) |  |  |  |  |  | |
 Low | 48 (53.7) | 30 (21.6) | 8 (5.8) | 10 (7.2) | 0.09 | |
 Average | 41 (29.5) | 9 (6.5) | 17 (12.2) | 15 (10.8) | ||
 High | 50 (36) | 4 (2.9) | 7 (5.0) | 39 (28.1) | ||
 Totalb | – | 43 (31) | 32 (23) | 64 (46.1) |  | |
Self-efficacy Before intervention | Experimental (n = 145, 100%) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Low | 49 (33.7) | 36 (24.7) | 9 (6.2) | 4 (2.8) | 0.59 | |
 Average | 56 (38.8) | 17 (11.7) | 26 (17.8) | 13 (9.3) | ||
 High | 40 (27.5) | 2 (1.4) | 12 (8.3) | 26 (17.9) | ||
 Totalb | – | 55 (37.8) | 47 (32.3) | 43 (30) |  | |
Control (n = 139, 100%) |  |  |  |  |  | |
 Low | 55 (39.6) | 34 (24.5) | 17 (12.2) | 4 (2.9) | 0.35 | |
 Average | 42 (30.1) | 12 (8.6) | 18 (12.9) | 12 (8.6) | ||
 High | 42 (30.3) | 4 (2.9) | 9 (6.5) | 29 (20.9) | ||
 Totalb | – | 50 (36) | 44 (31.6) | 45 (32.4) |  | |
Hopefulness Before intervention | Experimental (n = 145, 100%) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Low | 53 (36.5) | 36 (24.8) | 7 (4.8) | 10 (6.9) | 1.00 | |
 Average | 44 (31.3) | 15 (10.3) | 12 (8.3) | 17 (11.7) | ||
 High | 48 (33.1) | 8 (5.5) | 10 (6.9) | 30 (20.7) | ||
 Totalb | – | 59 (40.6) | 29 (20) | 57 (39.3) |  | |
Control (n = 139, 100%) |  |  |  |  |  | |
 Low | 49 (35.3) | 37 (26.6) | 8 (5.8) | 4 (2.9) | 0.62 | |
 Average | 47 (33.9) | 19 (13.7) | 9 (6.5) | 19 (13.7) | ||
 High | 43 (30.9) | 6 (4.3) | 11 (7.9) | 26 (18.7) | ||
 Totalb | – | 62 (44.6) | 28 (20.2) | 49 (35.3) |  | |
Stress Before intervention | Experimental (n = 145, 100%) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Low | 64 (44.1) | 45 (31.0) | 11 (7.6) | 8 (5.5) | 0.21 | |
 Average | 40 (27.6) | 21 (14.5) | 4 (2.8) | 15 (10.3) | ||
 High | 41 (28.2) | 17 (11.7) | 8 (5.5) | 16 (11.0) | ||
 Totalb | – | 83 (57.2) | 23 (15.9) | 39 (26.9) |  | |
Control (n = 139, 100%) |  |  |  |  |  | |
 Low | 58 (41.7) | 41 (29.5) | 16 (11.5) | 1 (0.7) | 0.11 | |
 Average | 37 (26.6) | 17 (12.2) | 10 (7.2) | 10 (7.2) | ||
 High | 44 (31.7) | 16 (11.5) | 8 (5.8) | 20 (14.4) | ||
 Totalb | – | 74 (53.2) | 34 (24.5) | 31 (22.3) |  | |