Statements regarding the attitude | x | s | Gender | Education | Workplace | Religiousness | G (p) | E (p) | W (p) | R (p) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F (n = 38) | M (n = 14) | H (n = 27) | M (n = 25) | P (n = 28) | N –P (n = 24) | R (n = 22) | N –R (n = 54) | |||||||
20. I listen fully to self-harming clients’ problems and experiences* | 4.64 | 0.74 | 4.71 ± 0.456 | 4.45 ±1.234 | 4.54 ± 0.942 | 4.67 ± 0.435 | 4.64 ± 0.994 | 4.65 ± 0.482 | 4.86 ± 0.351 | 4.56 ± 0.839 | 0.952 | 0.459 | 0.163 | 0.077 |
23. I demonstrate warmth and understanding to self-harming clients in my care* | 4.61 | 0.49 | 4.64 ± 0.483 | 4.50 ± 0.513 | 4.62 ± 0.493 | 4.59 ± 0.498 | 4.70 ± 0.467 | 4.53 ± 0.505 | 4.68 ± 0.477 | 4.57 ± 0.499 | 0.265 | 0.854 | 0.155 | 0.384 |
26. I acknowledge self-harming clients’ qualities* | 4.43 | 0.70 | 4.46 ± 0.687 | 4.35 ± 0.745 | 4.56 ± 0.598 | 4.30 ± 0.777 | 4.67 ± 0.540 | 4.26 ± 0.759 | 4.36 ± 0.848 | 4.46 ± 0.636 | 0.542 | 0.126 | 0.011 | 0.852 |
21. I feel concern for the self-harming client* | 4.51 | 0.55 | 4.55 ± 0.537 | 4.40 ± 0.598 | 4.56 ± 0.502 | 4.64 ± 0.605 | 4.58 ± 0.502 | 4.47 ± 0.592 | 4.59 ± 0.503 | 4.48 ± 0.574 | 0.314 | 0.524 | 0.475 | 0.495 |
28. I can really help self-harming clients* | 3.59 | 0.77 | 3.59 ± 0.804 | 3.60 ± 0.681 | 3.56 ± 0.788 | 3.62 ± 0.758 | 3.67 ± 0.595 | 3.53 ± 0.882 | 3.50 ± 0.859 | 3.63 ± 0.734 | 0.799 | 0.657 | 0.389 | 0.692 |
24. I help self-harming clients feel positive about themselves* | 4.30 | 0.65 | 4.27 ± 0.700 | 4.40 ± 0.503 | 4.18 ± 0.756 | 4.43 ± 0.502 | 4.27 ± 0.574 | 4.33 ± 0,715 | 4.36 ± 0.727 | 4.28 ± 0.628 | 0.596 | 0.176 | 0.510 | 0.436 |
10. There is no way of reducing self-harm behaviors | 1.82 | 0.81 | 1.80 ± 0.818 | 1.85 ± 0.813 | 1.85 ± 0.844 | 1.78 ± 0.787 | 1.42 ± 0.792 | 2.12 ± 0.697 | 1.77 ± 0.685 | 1.83 ± 0.863 | 0.755 | 0.823 | ˂0.001 | 0.956 |
7. A self-harming client is a complete waste of time | 1.30 | 0.46 | 1.30 ± 0.464 | 1.30 ± 0,470 | 1.36 ± 0.486 | 1.24 ± 0.435 | 1.24 ± 0.435 | 1.35 ± 0.482 | 1.23 ± 0.429 | 1.33 ± 0.476 | 0.976 | 0.276 | 0.320 | 0.365 |
4. Self-harming clients do not respond to care | 1.58 | 0.75 | 1.57 ± 0.806 | 1.60 ± 0.598 | 1.49 ± 0.683 | 1.68 ± 0.818 | 1.42 ± 0.663 | 1.70 ± 0.803 | 1.41 ± 0.666 | 1.65 ± 0.781 | 0.515 | 0.323 | 0.115 | 0.197 |
9. Self-harm is a serious moral wrongdoing | 1.61 | 0.77 | 1.59 ± 0.757 | 1.65 ± 0.813 | 1.46 ± 0.643 | 1.76 ± 0.863 | 1.30 ± 0.529 | 1.84 ± 0.843 | 1.64 ± 1.002 | 1.59 ± 0.659 | 0.767 | 0.130 | 0.002 | 0.591 |
16. Self-harming clients have only themselves to blame for their situation | 1.54 | 0.74 | 1.57 ± 0.783 | 1.45 ± 0.605 | 1.44 ± 0.598 | 1.65 ± 0.857 | 1.45 ± 0.617 | 1.60 ± 0.821 | 1.59 ± 0.959 | 1.52 ± 0.637 | 0.697 | 0.365 | 0.554 | 0.754 |
1. People who self-harm are usually trying to get sympathy from others | 2.20 | 1.36 | 2.21 ± 1.552 | 2.15 ± 0.745 | 2.23 ± 1.667 | 2.16 ± 0.928 | 1.85 ± 0.667 | 2.47 ± 1.667 | 2.23 ± 0.973 | 2.19 ± 1.493 | 0.497 | 0.561 | 0.053 | 0.570 |
6. People who self-harm are typically trying to get even with someone | 1.83 | 0.79 | 1.77 ± 0.786 | 2.00 ± 0.795 | 1.72 ± 0.793 | 1.95 ± 0.780 | 1.76 ± 0.792 | 1.88 ± 0.793 | 1.73 ± 0.767 | 1.87 ± 0.802 | 0.229 | 0.192 | 0.489 | 0.492 |
5. When individuals self-harm, it is often to manipulate carers | 2.26 | 0.90 | 2.29 ± 0.929 | 2.20 ± 0.834 | 2.13 ± 0.801 | 2.41 ± 0.985 | 2.21 ± 0.740 | 2.30 ± 1.013 | 2.45 ± 0.963 | 2.19 ± 0.870 | 0.708 | 0.272 | 0.807 | 0.351 |
15. A self-harming client is a person who is only trying to get attention | 2.21 | 0.91 | 2.20 ± 0.942 | 2.25 ± 0.851 | 2.15 ± 0.961 | 2.27 ± 0.871 | 2.24 ± 0.792 | 2.19 ± 1.006 | 2.41 ± 0.908 | 2.13 ± 0.912 | 0.642 | 0.485 | 0.660 | 0.204 |
18. Self-harming clients have a great need for acceptance and understanding* | 4.20 | 0.83 | 4.29 ± 0.847 | 3.95 ± 0.759 | 4.13 ± 0.978 | 4.27 ± 0.652 | 4.27 ± 0.839 | 4.14 ± 0.833 | 4.36 ± 0.658 | 4.13 ± 0.891 | 0.045 | 0.909 | 0.402 | 0.386 |
11. People who self-harm lack solid religious convictions | 1.57 | 0.84 | 1.48 ± 0.713 | 1.80 ± 1.105 | 1.54 ± 0.913 | 1.59 ± 0.762 | 1.45 ± 0.869 | 1.65 ± 0.813 | 1.68 ± 0.839 | 1.52 ± 0.841 | 0.313 | 0.475 | 0.181 | 0.348 |
2. People should be allowed to self-harm in a safe environment | 1.66 | 0.93 | 1.71 ± 0.929 | 1.50 ± 0.946 | 1.85 ± 1.014 | 1.46 ± 0.803 | 1.52 ± 0.834 | 1.77 ± 0.996 | 1.59 ± 0.854 | 1.69 ± 0.968 | 0.199 | 0.075 | 0.228 | 0.763 |
12. Self-harm may be a form of reassurance for the individual that they are really alive and human* | 2.83 | 1.06 | 2.98 ± 1.036 | 2.40 ± 1.046 | 3.03 ± 1.013 | 2.62 ± 1.089 | 2.94 ± 1.116 | 2.74 ± 1.026 | 2.68 ± 0.955 | 2.89 ± 1.093 | 0.030 | 0.108 | 0.266 | 0.347 |
14. Acts of self-harm are a form of communication to their situation* | 3.93 | 0.75 | 4.05 ± 0.749 | 3.60 ± 0.61 | 4.00 ± 0.725 | 3.86 ± 0.787 | 4.06 ± 0.788 | 3.84 ± 0.721 | 3.77 ± 0.813 | 4.00 ± 0.727 | 0.021 | 0.411 | 0.170 | 0.245 |
13. Self-harming individuals can learn new ways of coping* | 4.13 | 1.00 | 4.14 ± 1.017 | 4.10 ± 1.017 | 4.23 ± 1.012 | 4.03 ± 1.040 | 4.42 ± 0.840 | 3.91 ± 1.109 | 4.32 ± 0.945 | 4.06 ± 1.054 | 0.878 | 0.241 | 0.022 | 0.217 |
19. A self-harming client deserves the highest. standards of care on every occasion* | 3.88 | 0.98 | 3.93 ± 1.006 | 3.75 ± 0.910 | 4.05 ± 0.826 | 3.70 ± 1.102 | 3.79 ± 1.023 | 3.95 ± 0.950 | 4.00 ± 1.069 | 3.83 ± 0.947 | 0.350 | 0.188 | 0.493 | 0.345 |
22. I feel critical towards self-harming clients | 1.51 | 0.72 | 1.54 ± 0.738 | 1.45 ± 0.686 | 1.54 ± 0.756 | 1.49 ± 0.692 | 1.36 ± 0.653 | 1.63 ± 0.757 | 1.32 ± 0.568 | 1.59 ± 0.765 | 0.654 | 0.801 | 0.079 | 0.141 |
25. I feel to blame when my clients self-harm | 2.57 | 1.21 | 2.79 ± 1.155 | 1.95 ± 1.191 | 2.67 ± 1.084 | 2.46 ± 1.346 | 2.21 ± 1.083 | 2.84 ± 1.252 | 2.82 ± 1.368 | 2.46 ± 1.145 | 0.004 | 0.304 | 0.036 | 0.311 |
27. I find it rewarding to care for self-harming clients* | 1.55 | 0.75 | 1.59 ± 0.757 | 1.45 ± 0.759 | 1.59 ± 0.818 | 1.51 ± 0.692 | 1.67 ± 0.816 | 1.47 ± 0.702 | 1.73 ± 0.935 | 1.48 ± 0.666 | 0.394 | 0.858 | 0.280 | 0.408 |
29. I would feel ashamed if a member of my family engaged in self-harm | 1.75 | 0.99 | 1.75 ± 1.031 | 1.75 ± 0.910 | 1.74 ± 0.938 | 1.76 ± 1.065 | 1.67 ± 0.890 | 1.81 ± 1.075 | 2.82 ± 0.935 | 1.72 ± 0.920 | 0.816 | 0.932 | 0.649 | 0.915 |