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Table 2 Descriptive and statistical data for the stress domains and individual stressors in youths with MD and TD youths

From: Psychosocial stressors and protective factors for major depression in youth: evidence from a case–control study

Stress domains/individual stressors

Youths with MD

(n = 100)

TD youths

(n = 101)

 

 %

 %

pa

χ2

OR

95% CI for the OR

Changes at home or at school

71.4

45.5

< .001

13.71

3.00

[1.66, 5.38]

Repetition of a grade

35.7

12.9

< .001

14.18

3.76

[1.84, 7.68]

Had to change school

38.1

9.9

< .001

21.80

5.61

[2.60, 12.13]

Separation of parents

47.5

30.7

.015

5.92

2.04

[1.14, 3.64]

Death of a loved oneb

14.0

5.9

.056

3.64

2.58

[0.95, 7.01]

Death of mother

3.0

0.0

n.a.b

3.08

7.29

[0.37, 142.93]

Death of father

5.0

3.0

n.a.b

0.54

1.72

[0.40, 7.40]

Death of a close friend

6.0

3.0

n.a.b

1.08

2.09

[0.51, 8.58]

Experiences of violence

51.5

20.4

< .001

20.67

4.14

[2.20, 7.78]

Beaten up at home

21.0

5.9

.002

9.80

4.21

[1.62, 10.94]

Yelled at and insulted at home

45.0

16.8

< .001

19.69

4.04

[2.10, 7.77]

Victim of violence

11.1

1.0

.003

8.98

12.38

[1.57, 97.80]

Victim of unwanted sexual acts

9.8

3.0

.055

3.69

3.47

[0.91, 13.24]

Delinquent behavior

21.2

9.0

.016

5.80

2.72

[1.18, 6.29]

Exercise of violence

12.1

3.0

.015

5.94

4.46

[1.22, 16.33]

In conflict with the police

14.0

5.9

.056

3.64

2.58

[0.95, 7.01]

Psychological burdens during/after pregnancy

48.8

30.6

.013

6.10

2.16

[1.17, 3.40]

Maternal postpartum depression

11.1

5.1

.136

2.22

2.33

[0.75, 7.24]

Maternal emotional distress during pregnancy

43.8

27.6

.024

5.09

2.05

[1.09, 3.82]

Presence of an affective disorder in a first-degree relative

47.5

7.9

< .001

39.23

10.51

[4.61, 23.93]

At least one affected parent

42.0

6.9

< .001

33.52

9.72

[4.10, 23.08]

At least one affected sibling

10.8

1.2

.010

6.68

9.94

[1.21, 81.49]

Sociodemography

77.0

58.8

.008

6.25

2.35

[1.24, 4.50]

Lower secondary education of the participant

18.0

5.0

.004

8.44

4.21

[1.50, 11.85]

Migrant background of the mother

11.6

12.1

.918

0.01

0.95

[0.39, 2.33]

Migrant background of the father

20.5

12.2

.132

2.27

1.85

[0.82, 4.13]

Unemployment of the mother

4.8

2.0

.298

1.08

2.43

[0.43, 13.62]

Unemployment of the father

2.6

2.2

.848

0.04

1.21

[0.17, 8.82]

Low academic qualification of the father

40.0

31.3

.219

1.51

1.47

[0.80, 2.70]

Low academic qualification of the mother

55.3

37.0

.013c

6.20

2.11

[1.17, 3.80]

  1. MD major depression, TD typically developing, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval
  2. aOriginal p-values are reported. bAs the χ2-tests for the stress domain “Death of a loved one” was non-significant, follow-up χ2-tests for the individual stressors in this domain were not conducted. cAll significant p-values withstand Bonferroni-Holm correction except the stressor “Low academic qualification of the mother”. The stress domains are bolditalic. Significant p-values are italicized
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Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

ISSN: 1753-2000