Gender differences in externalizing and internalizing problems in Singaporean children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Table 4 Summary of multiple linear regressions for variables predicting CBCL internalizing and externalizing scores

Variables	CBCL internalizing score			CBCL externalizing score
Variables	B	SE	β	B	SE	β
Gender^a	− 1.38	2.01	− 0.06	5.53	2.72	0.17*
Age	0.49	0.21	0.14*	0.20	0.28	0.04
Gender × age interaction	− 0.52	1.85	− 0.03	− 3.09	2.52	− 0.12
Mother’s education^b	− 1.22	0.79	− 0.08	− 0.11	1.08	− 0.01
Father’s education^b	− 1.04	0.79	− 0.07	− 3.43	1.08	− 0.17**
Financial problems^c	2.46	1.24	0.09*	− 0.01	1.68	0.00
Psychological aggression between spouses^d	0.59	0.37	0.07	1.41	0.51	0.13**
Physical punishment^e	1.21	0.45	0.12**	2.38	0.61	0.18**
Family member(s) seen a psychiatrist before^f	− 1.87	1.01	− 0.08	− 2.12	1.37	− 0.07
R²		0.09			0.11
F		5.29**			6.26**

B = unstandardized beta coefficient, SE = standard error, β = standardised beta coefficient
^*p < 0.05
**p < 0.01
^aCoded as 0 = female, 1 = male
^bCoded as 0 = secondary education or below, 1 = post-secondary education or above
^cCoded as 0 = no financial problems, 1 = experienced financial problems before
^dCoded as 0 = no psychological aggression between spouse, 1 to 5 = 1 point for the presence of each of the following, yelling, insulting, crying, threatening to injure spouse and refusing to talk
^eCoded as 0 = no physical punishment in disciplining, 1 = spank or hit with an object, 2 = spank and hit with an object
^fCoded as 0 = no one in the family has ever seen a psychiatrist, 1 = at least one family member has seen a psychiatrist

ISSN: 1753-2000