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Table 2 Estimated marginal means (and standard errors) of child outcomes pre-intervention, post-intervention and follow-up by study group and estimated intervention effects between different time points from linear mixed models

From: Parent- and teacher-reported long-term effects of parent training on child conduct problems in families with child protection and other support services: a randomized controlled trial

Measure

 

Difference in change between intervention and control groups

Pre

Post

Follow-up

Pre-post

Post-follow-up

Pre-follow-up

M (SE)

M (SE)

M (SE)

Estimate (95% CI)

p

da

Estimate (95% CI)

p

da

Estimate (95% CI)

p

da

Parent report

 ECBI

  Intensity

   IY (N = 44–49)

144.4 (3.8)

125.6 (4.2)

131.3 (4.7)

6.1 (− 3.4 to 15.6)

0.204

0.26

− 10.2 (− 22.5 to 2.0)

0.101

− 0.51

− 4.1 (− 15.2 to 7.0)

0.466

− 0.16

   Control (N = 45–48)

152.0 (3.8)

139.4 (4.2)

134.8 (4.7)

  Problem

   IY (N = 42–45)

18.9 (1.2)

10.3 (1.3)

12.6 (1.4)

5.8 (2.7 to 8.9)

 < 0.001

0.82

− 5.3 (− 8.9 to − 1.6)

0.005

− 0.90

0.6 (− 3.0 to 4.2)

0.755

0.11

   Control (N = 38–40)

19.1 (1.2)

16.2 (1.3)

13.3 (1.5)

 CBCL

  Attention problems

   IY (N = 44–49)

4.1 (0.3)

3.3 (0.3)

3.5 (0.3)

0.2 (− 0.5 to 0.9)

0.557

0.11

− 0.3 (− 0.9 to 0.4)

0.394

− 0.24

− 0.1 (− 0.8 to 0.6)

0.838

− 0.05

   Control (N = 45–49)

4.4 (0.3)

3.7 (0.3)

3.7 (0.3)

  Aggressive behavior

   IY (N = 44–49)

19.2 (1.1)

14.8 (1.0)

15.6 (1.1)

2.4 (− 0.4 to 5.1)

0.089

0.34

− 2.8 (− 5.6 to 0.0)

0.052

− 0.50

− 0.4 (− 3.3 to 2.5)

0.777

− 0.08

   Control (N = 45–49)

20.0 (1.1)

18.0 (1.1)

15.9 (1.1)

Teacher report

 SESBI-R

  Intensity

   IY (N = 37–40)

124.2 (7.5)

120.4 (7.7)

118.8 (8.6)

− 6.5 (− 21.1 to 8.1)

0.380

− 0.25

11.3 (− 7.2 to 29.7)

0.227

0.34

4.8 (− 13.3 to 22.8)

0.600

0.08

   Control (N = 37–45)

131.4 (7.3)

121.1 (7.6)

130.8 (8.5)

  Problem

   IY (N = 32–39)

9.7 (1.7)

8.2 (1.7)

9.6 (2.0)

2.1 (− 1.6 to 5.9)

0.252

0.20

0.5 (− 4.3 to 5.2)

0.839

0.09

2.6 (− 2.1 to 7.4)

0.271

0.23

   Control (N = 34–43)

11.6 (1.6)

12.2 (1.7)

14.2 (2.0)

 TRF

  Attention problems

   IY (N = 38–40)

6.4 (0.6)

6.1 (0.6)

5.4 (0.7)

− 0.3 (− 1.6 to 0.9)

0.605

− 0.11

0.7 (− 0.7 to 2.1)

0.319

0.23

0.4 (− 1.0 to 1.8)

0.585

0.09

   Control (N = 38–45)

7.0 (0.6)

6.5 (0.6)

6.5 (0.7)

  Aggressive behavior

   IY (N = 38–40)

10.3 (1.4)

10.5 (1.3)

9.7 (1.6)

− 1.3 (− 3.8 to 1.1)

0.283

− 0.22

1.3 (− 1.7 to 4.3)

0.400

0.31

− 0.5 (− 3.3 to 3.2)

0.970

− 0.02

   Control (N = 38–45)

12.8 (1.4)

11.6 (1.3)

12.1 (1.5)

  1. ECBI Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory, CBCL Child Behavior Checklist, SESBI-R = Sutter-Eyberg Student Behavior Inventory–Revised, TRF Teacher Report Form
  2. aEffects sizes: Cohen’s d calculated using difference scores between time points; 0.2 = small, 0.5 = medium, 0.8 = large effect.