Table 1 Selected studies on WISC profiles in children with CTD (including TS) OCD and/or ADHD

Frazier et al. [40]

Meta-analysis on 123 studies

WISC-III, WISC-R

Different

Different

Effect sizes for FSIQ were significantly different between ADHD and healthy subjects (weighted d = .61); VIQ (d = .67) and PIQ (d = .58) were significantly sensitive to ADHD

Moura et al. [68]

Children with (n = 98) and without (n = 81) ADHD matched by age and gender

WISC-III

6–12

Portugal

Significant index scores discrepancies between subjects with ADHD and control group in FSIQ, VIQ, PIQ; FDI showed the highest diagnostic accuracy to discriminate children with ADHD

Theiling et al. [66]

Adults with (n = 116) and without (n = 116) ADHD, randomly matched controls

WAIS-IV

16–71

Germany

Adults with ADHD show significant decrements in subtests WMI and PSI, and a higher GAI in comparison with the FSIQ; deficits can also be found in adults with ADHD and WAIS-IV reliability differentiates between patients and controls

Schmidtendorf et al. [35]

Children and adolescents (n = 433) with AD(H)D, children and adolescents with anxiety or other emotional disorder (N = 41)

WISC-IV

6–16.5

Germany

Significant deficit in PSI in total sample and also in subsample cleared for comorbidities (N = 117), WMI deficits seem to occur only if comorbid disorders are present

Similar profiles of the AD(H)D-only and clinical control group

Beers et al. [46]

Unmedicated subjects with OCD (n = 21), matched controls (n = 21)

WISC-III

OCD: 12.3 (2.9)

controls:12.2 (2.9)

USA

No cognitive deficits in Digit Span and Block Design in subjects with OCD

Hagberg et al. [34]

Subjects with ASD a/o ADHD (n = 40), n = 21 subjects from the community

WISC-III

6.4–9.9

Sweden

FSIQ was lower than population norms and similar across diagnostic groups (ASD, ADHD) and settings (clinic, community)

Walg et al. [38]

Male subjects with AD(H)D (n = 50), male subjects with other mental disorder (n = 54)

WISC-IV

7–16

Germany

Significant lower PSI in subjects with AD(H)D vs. controls

Calhoun and Mayers [32]

Subjects with ADHD (n = 431), ADD (n = 134) and other diagnoses

WISC-III

6–16

USA

PSI and FDI scores in subjects with AD(H)D below the group mean and lower than VCI and POI

Khalifa et al. [20]

Children with TS from the general population (n = 25)

WISC-III

7–15

Sweden

High variation in WISC-III profiles of subjects with TS (VCI,FDI,PSI were 2.5–5 points below the average)

Mayers and Calhoun [47]

Comparison of n = 586 WISC-III profiles and n = 118 WISC-IV profiles of subjects with ADHD and normal intelligence

WISC-III, WISC-IV

6–16

USA

Significant lower FDI,WMI,PSI than VCI and POI/PRI in subjects with ADHD; similar profiles of WISC-III and WISC-IV

Rizzo et al. [4]

Subjects with TS only (n = 20), ADHD only (n = 20), TS+ADHD (n = 20, controls (n = 20)

WISC-R

6–16

Italy

No significant differences in FSIQ,VIQ,PIQ between TS-only and controls

Significant lower FSIQ,VIQ,PIQ in subjects with ADHD-only and TS+ADHD as compared to controls

Debes et al. [33]

Subjects with TS and comorbid ADHD and/or OCD (n = 266), healthy matched controls n = 80

WISC-III

10–16

Denmark

Lower IQ scores in subjects with TS compared to controls and the general population, except for children with TS+OCD who scored higher in FSIQ

de Groot et al. [45]

Children with TS (92) grouped by the presence and absence of OCD and/or AHDH: TS (n = 34), TS+OCD (n = 14), TS+ADHD (n = 23), TS+OCD+ADHD (n = 21)

WISC-R WAIS-R

6–18

Canada

Significant group effect for FSIQ TS > TS+OCD

VIQ and PIQ significant multivariate effect and significant univariate effect for VIQ (TS > TS+OCD, TS+OCD+ADHD)

Schuerholz et al. [43]

TS only (n = 21), TS + ADHD (n = 19), TS ± ADHS (ADHS status not strongly confirmed, n = 25), unaffected siblings (n = 27)

WISC-R

6–14

North America

Higher FSIQ in TS-only as compared to TS+ADHD and unaffected siblings (wide variance of FSIQ scores)

Shin et al. [36]

Subjects with OCD (n = 17), TD (n = 21), ADHD (n = 25), Depression (n = 20), healthy controls (n = 23)

WISC-R

6–16

Korea

Significant lower FSIQ,VIQ,PIQ in clinical groups vs. controls (all groups within the average range)

Subjects with OCD tended to have higher VIQ than subjects with TD, ADHD and depression, lower PIQ in OCD than in TD and depression

Termine et al. [37]

Unmedicated male subjects with TS (n = 13), TS+ADHD (n = 8), ADHD (n = 39), controls healthy (n = 66)

WISC-III

6–15

Italy

Significant lower scores in components of the PIQ and VIQ (Block Design, Vocabulary) in TS a/o ADHD as compared to healthy controls

Yeates and Bornstein [39]

Subjects with TS (n = 46), TS+ADHD (n = 36)

WISC-R

6–18

USA

Subjects with TS+ADHD did not differ from subjects with TS-only in FSIQ,VIQ,PIQ