Pre-pandemic sleep behavior and adolescents’ stress during Covid-19: a prospective longitudinal study

Table 6 Hierarchical regression of perceived stress during COVID, sleep, arousal at bedtime and daytime sleepiness

	Perceived stress	B	SE B	β	t	R2	ΔR2	F
Step 1	Covariate					0.07	0.07	2.28
	Gender	− 2.98	1.78	− 0.21	− 1.67
	Behavioral/emotional problems	0.11	0.09	0.16	1.26
Step 2	Time 1					0.25	0.18	2.69*
	Sleep duration	− 1.13	0.57	− 0.26	(− 1.99)*
	Sleep quality	− 0.09	1.12	− 0.01	− 0.08
	Daytime sleepiness	0.26	0.21	0.16	1.23
	Behavioral arousal at bedtime	1.31	0.71	0.25	1.86
	Cognitive emotional arousal at bedtime	− 1.88	0.94	− 0.31	(− 1.99)*
Step 3	Time 2
						0.55	0.30	5.20**
	Sleep duration	− 0.66	0.44	− 0.16	− 1.50
	Sleep quality	2.40	1.04	0.28	2.32*
	Daytime sleepiness	− 0.44	0.27	− 0.20	− 1.61
	Behavioral arousal at bedtime	0.44	0.58	0.09	0.76
	Cognitive emotional arousal at bedtime	− 4.33	− 4.33	− 0.60	− 4.62

N, 63; B, unstandardized coefficients; SE B, standard error of unstandardized coefficients; = standardized coefficients
^*p ≤ .05. **p ≤ 0.01. ***p ≤ 0.001

ISSN: 1753-2000