General construct | Specific variables |
---|---|
Demographics | Age, gender, sex, race/ethnicity, immigrant status, subjective social status [4, 48] |
Substance use variables | |
 Cannabis use | • Symptoms of cannabis use disorder (CUDIT-R) [59] • Percentage of typical THC/CBD, grams per use day, cost per week/month • Coping motives scores [60] • Proportion of time spent using with others [61] • Co-use with alcohol and co-use with tobacco [4] |
 Alcohol use | • Frequency of any use [4, 58] • Frequency of heavy episodic drinking (HED; 5+ drinks in a sitting) [4] • Symptoms of alcohol use disorder (AUDIT) [62] • Coping motives scores [63] • Proportion of time spent using with others [61] |
 Smoking | • Frequency of smoking cigarettes/cigars [4, 58] • Frequency of e-cigarette use and types of substances in e-cigarettes [4, 58] |
 Prescription drug misuse | |
 • Prescription stimulants | |
 • Prescription opioids | |
 • Prescription sedatives | |
 Other drug use | |
 • Cocaine | |
 • Methamphetamine | |
 • Solvents | |
 • Hallucinogens | |
 • Street opioids | |
 • Steroids | |
Psychiatric clinical severity and complexity | |
 Severity of psychological distress | The Kessler 6 (K6) [65] provided a dimensional measure of non-specific psychological distress. Previously derived cut-offs of ≥ 13 which indicate serious mental illness were used |
 Internalizing symptom severity | The OCHS Emotional Behavioral Scales (OCHS-EBS) [66] dimensional measure captured symptoms of internalizing disorders including: |
 • Major depressive episode (MDE; of note, suicide item removed) | |
 • Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) | |
 • Social phobia (SP) | |
 Externalizing symptom severity | The OCHS-EBS [66] dimensional measure captured symptoms of externalizing disorders including: |
 • Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) | |
 • Conduct disorder (CD) | |
 • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | |
 Youth derived clinical complexity | Clinical cut-offs for OCHS-EBS disorder scores based on prevalence estimates derived from a diagnostic structured interview in the original OCHS general population sample were used to generate categorical prevalence of disorders [34]. The number of cut-offs youth exceeded were summed to derive number of internalizing, externalizing, and total disorders as indicators of youth reported clinical complexity. |
 Symptoms of psychosis | A pre-existing symptom scale adapted from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule [67] provided a dimensional measure of symptoms of psychosis |