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Table 4 Associations between the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scores (SDQ—normal vs. borderline or abnormal range) and the health status and healthcare utilization characteristics

From: Association between psychosocial functioning, health status and healthcare access of asylum seekers and refugee children: a population-based cross-sectional study in a German federal state

  

SDQ Total > 13 Borderline

or Abnormal, n = 38

SDQ emotional > 4, n = 34

SDQ conduct > 4, n = 10

OR

(95% CI)

AOR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

AOR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

AOR

(95% CI)

Health status

 General Health

Fair / Bad / Very Bad (Ref = Very Good / Good)

1.75 (0.68–4.52)

1.94 (0.69–5.40)

2.31 (0.88–6.03)

2.00 (0.69–5.76)

4.83 (1.23–19.04) *

4.59 (1.09–19.37) *

 Any long-lasting illness (child) (missings = 5)

Yes (Ref = No)

2.35 (0.87–6.32)

2.74 (0.88–8.59)

6.67 (2.25–19.75) *

5.25 (1.57–17.55) *

3.41 (0.88–13.19)

3.97 (0.78–20.26)

 Has the child been limited because of a health problem? (missings = 12)

limited (severe or not) (Ref = not limited)

2.44 (0.95–6.25)

2.67 (0.96–7.42)

4.75 (1.77–12.72) *

4.28 (1.49–12.27) *

1.83 (0.48–6.97)

1.56 (0.39–6.19)

 Bodily pain during past year? (missings = 3)

Some (Ref = None)

2.98 (1.23–7.23)*

3.14 (1.21–8.10)*

2.24 (0.92–5.42)

3.00 (1.10–8.22) *

10.35 (1.24–86.81) *

10.30 (1.21–87.56) *

Healthcare utilization

 Last time visited a Paediatrician

(missings = 17)

Never/12 months or longer/Don´t know (Ref = Less than 12 months)

0.58 (0.22–1.53)

0.43 (0.15–1.27)

0.25 (0.08–0.77) *

0.23 (0.07–0.78) *

1.33 (0.33–5.46)

1.53 (0.35–6.60)

 Last time visited a Specialist

(missings = 33)

Never/12 months or longer/Don´t know (Ref = Less than 12 months)

0.35 (0.11–1.14)

0.40 (0.11–1.37)

0.22 (0.07–0.75) *

0.16 (0.04–0.69) *

0.42 (0.10–1.81)

0.52 (0.11–2.53)

 Last time visited a Dentist

(missings = 24)

Never/12 months or longer/Don´t know (Ref = Less than 12 months)

0.82 (0.30–2.20)

0.85 (0.27–2.69)

0.56 (0.20–1.55)

1.01 (0.31–3.27)

1.63 (0.38–6.96)

1.89 (0.39–9.12)

 Last time visited a Psychologist, psychotherapist or psychiatrist

(missings = 33)

Never/12 months or longer/Don´t know (Ref = Less than 12 months)

–

–

0.11 (0.01–1.07)

0.11 (0.01–1.33)

0.20 (0.03–1.42)

0.12 (0.08–1.65)

 During past 4 weeks has your child used any medicines prescribed by a doctor? (missings = 5)

No (Ref = Yes)

0.44 (0.18–1.05)

0.38 (0.14–1.00)

0.77 (0.32–1.85)

0.38 (0.13–1.10)

1.03 (0.27–3.84)

0.94 (0.23–3.89)

 Has your child been in hospital inpatient last 12 months? (missings = 5)

No/Don’t know (Ref = Yes)

1.09 (0.34–3.48)

1.29 (0.39–4.33)

0.87 (0.27–2.77)

0.98 (0.28–3.49)

0.40 (0.09–1.79)

0.48 (0.10–2.22)

 Emergency department visit last 12 months (missings = 7)

No/Don’t know (Ref = Yes)

0.76 (0.26–2.28)

0.72 (0.23–2.20)

0.34 (0.11–1.04)

0.27 (0.08–0.96) *

0.95 (0.18–4.97)

1.00 (0.19–5.33)

Unmet medical need

 Unmet need for a paediatrician during past year? (missings = 15)

Yes (Ref = No)

2.50 (0.84–7.42)

2.11 (0.66–6.82)

1.37 (0.47–4.02)

1.29 (0.38–4.44)

0.89 (0.17–4.74)

0.63 (0.11–3.71)

 Unmet need for a specialist during the past year? (missings = 14)

Yes (Ref = No)

5.42 (1.35–21.68) *

4.57 (1.09–19.16) *

0.95 (0.28–3.24)

1.21 (0.32–4.64)

2.85 (0.61–13.30)

3.16 (0.62–16.00)

 Reduction on spending on essential needs, such as food or clothing, to be able to cover healthcare costs for the child? (missings = 9)

Yes (Ref = No)

3.08 (1.02–9.32) *

2.68 (0.84–8.50)

1.93 (0.67–5.57)

1.78 (0.55–5.72)

3.20 (0.76–13.50)

2.97 (0.66–13.39)

  

SDQ peer > 4, n = 35

SDQ hyperactive > 6, n = 22

SDQ Prosocial < 6, n = 10

OR

(95% CI)

AOR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

AOR

(95% CI)

OR

(95% CI)

AOR

(95% CI)

Health status

 General Health

Fair / Bad / Very Bad (Ref = Very Good / Good)

2.15 (0.83–5.59)

2.20 (0.77–6.24)

1.29 (0.45–3.71)

1.75 (0.56–5.41)

1.12 (0.27–4.75)

1.45 (0.29–7.22)

 Any long-lasting illness (child) (missings = 5)

Yes (Ref = No)

4.96 (1.74–14.13) *

5.14 (1.53–17.21) *

0.86 (0.27–2.72)

1.22 (0.34–4.40)

1.26 (0.30–5.38)

2.00 (0.34–11.99)

 Has the child been limited because of a health problem? (missings = 12)

limited (severe or not) (Ref = not limited)

3.54 (1.35–9.29) *

3.70 (1.31–10.42) *

0.65 (0.22–1.94)

0.75 (0.24–2.36)

0.83 (0.19–3.59)

0.86 (0.17–4.31)

 Bodily pain during past year? (missings = 3)

Some (Ref = None)

1.23 (0.52–2.93)

1.18 (0.46–3.02)

2.07 (0.76–5.67)

2.04 (0.70–5.93)

1.08 (0.29–4.04)

0.69 (0.16–3.06)

Healthcare utilization

 Last time visited a Paediatrician

(missings = 17)

Never/12 months or longer/Don´t know (Ref = Less than 12 months)

0.55 (0.20–1.50)

0.41 (0.13–1.26)

1.30 (0.46–3.66)

1.10 (0.37–3.27)

2.23 (0.54–9.13)

1.93 (0.37–9.93)

 Last time visited a Specialist

(missings = 33)

Never/12 months or longer/Don´t know (Ref = Less than 12 months)

0.17 (0.05–0.59) *

0.14 (0.03–0.58) *

0.54 (0.16–1.85)

0.50 (0.14–1.87)

0.47 (0.09–2.38)

0.32 (0.04–2.44)

Last time visited a Dentist

(missings = 24)

Never/12 months or longer/Don´t know (Ref = Less than 12 months)

0.28 (0.10–0.79) *

0.29 (0.09–0.96) *

1.61 (0.52–4.95)

0.92 (0.25–3.45)

5.30 (0.61–45.93)

5.96 (0.51–70.20)

 Last time visited a Psychologist, psychotherapist or psychiatrist

(missings = 33)

Never/12 months or longer/Don´t know (Ref = Less than 12 months)

–

–

0.25 (0.04–1.63)

0.16 (0.02–1.33)

0.16 (0.02–1.19)

0.07 (0.00–1.36)

 During past 4 weeks has your child used any medicines prescribed by a doctor? (missings = 5)

No (Ref = Yes)

1.04 (0.44–2.48)

0.85 (0.32–2.23)

0.81 (0.31–2.14)

1.03 (0.36–2.94)

0.26 (0.05–1.32)

0.28 (0.05–1.73)

 Has your child been in hospital inpatient last 12 months? (missings = 5)

No/Don’t know (Ref = Yes)

1.32 (0.40–4.33)

1.62 (0.46–5.75)

1.34 (0.34–5.33)

1.28 (0.31–5.36)

0.40 (0.09–1.79)

0.45 (0.09–2.33)

 Emergency department visit last 12 months (missings = 7)

No/Don’t know (Ref = Yes)

1.20 (0.39–3.68)

1.09 (0.34–3.51)

1.02 (0.29–3.59)

1.02 (0.28–3.63)

0.51 (0.12–2.22)

0.41 (0.08–2.06)

Unmet medical need

 Unmet need for a paediatrician during past year? (missings = 15)

Yes (Ref = No)

1.59 (0.55–4.62)

1.26 (0.39–4.09)

1.54 (0.49–4.85)

1.42 (0.38–5.34)

0.89 (0.17–4.74)

0.30 (0.03–2.99)

Unmet need for a specialist during the past year? (missings = 14)

Yes (Ref = No)

6.21 (1.55–24.95) *

6.02 (1.36–26.74) *

2.74 (0.80–9.43)

2.15 (0.57–8.13)

4.43 (0.86–22.82)

2.24 (0.31–16.08)

 Reduction on spending on essential needs. such as food or clothing. to be able to cover healthcare costs for the child? (missings = 9)

Yes (Ref = No)

1.54 (0.54–4.44)

1.23 (0.39–3.86)

1.68 (0.53–5.29)

1.97 (0.57–6.84)

3.20 (0.76–13.50)

2.66 (0.53–13.40)

  1. OR (95%CI): Odds ratio (95% Confidence intervals); AOR: Adjusted odds ratio – adjusted for sex and age; SDQ – Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; Ref = Reference category.. *Estimate statistically significant (p < 0.05)