Moderators | Between-group effect (QBET) | k | N | r | 95%CI | Homogeneity test within each group (QW) | I2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positive coping style | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Participants type | 0.50 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Middle school students |  | 6 | 3635 | 0.01 | [− 0.10, 0.12] | 48.96*** | 89.8 |
 Vocational college students |  | 3 | 3392 |  − 0.02 | [− 0.15, 0.11] | 26.26*** | 92.4 |
 Undergraduate |  | 18 | 10,105 |  − 0.03 | [− 0.07, 0.01] | 64.73*** | 73.7 |
Proportion of women | 0.67 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 ≥ 0.6 |  | 12 | 6800 |  − 0.04 | [− 0.08, 0.01] | 40.24*** | 72.7 |
 < 0.6 |  | 15 | 10,736 |  − 0.01 | [− 0.06, 0.05] | 99.16*** | 85.9 |
Publication type | 13.89*** | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Journal |  | 19 | 13,716 |  − 0.05 | [− 0.09, − 0.02] | 82.73*** | 78.2 |
 Dissertation |  | 8 | 3820 | 0.07 | [0.02, 0.12] | 17.66* | 60.4 |
MPA measurement | 14.60** | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 MPATS |  | 9 | 5773 |  − 0.03 | [− 0.10, 0.04] | 44.87*** | 82.2 |
 MPAI |  | 12 | 8372 | 0.02 | [− 0.03, 0.06] | 43.37*** | 74.6 |
 SAS-C |  | 1 | 1041 |  − 0.13 | [− 0.19, − 0.07] | 0.00 | N/A |
 Others |  | 5 | 2350 |  − 0.06 | [− 0.17, 0.04] | 24.88*** | 83.9 |
CS measurement | 0.36 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.28 |
 CSQ |  | 6 | 2649 |  − 0.04 | [− 0.14, 0.05] | 29.90*** | 83.3 |
 SCSQ |  | 15 | 10,851 |  − 0.01 | [− 0.06, 0.03] | 68.53*** | 79.6 |
 Others |  | 6 | 3632 |  − 0.01 | [− 0.10, 0.09] | 40.68*** | 87.7 |
Negative coping style | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Participants type | 1.82 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Middle school students |  | 5 | 3076 | 0.31 | [0.25, 0.36] | 9.55* | 58.1 |
 Vocational college students |  | 4 | 4039 | 0.19 | [− 0.10, 0.49] | 230.15*** | 98.7 |
 Undergraduate |  | 22 | 12,314 | 0.35 | [0.29, 0.41] | 215.06*** | 90.2 |
Proportion of women | 0.01 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 ≥ 0.6 |  | 16 | 9009 | 0.32 | [0.28, 0.36] | 49.41*** | 69.6 |
 < 0.6 |  | 16 | 11,024 | 0.32 | [0.22, 0.42] | 422.08*** | 96.4 |
Publication type | 0.13 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Journal |  | 22 | 14,853 | 0.31 | [0.27, 0.36] | 147.13*** | 85.7 |
 Dissertation |  | 10 | 5180 | 0.34 | [0.18, 0.51] | 326.61*** | 97.2 |
MPA measurement | 3.69 | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 MPATS |  | 10 | 6132 | 0.30 | [0.16, 0.44] | 240.01*** | 96.3 |
 MPAI |  | 14 | 8976 | 0.34 | [0.25, 0.43] | 212.90*** | 93.9 |
 SAS-C |  | 3 | 2021 | 0.37 | [0.32, 0.41] | 0.00 | N/A |
 Others |  | 5 | 2904 | 0.29 | [0.22, 0.36] | 13.28* | 69.9 |
CS measurement | 6.51* | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 CSQ |  | 7 | 3053 | 0.21 | [0.04, 0.39] | 144.03*** | 95.8 |
 SCSQ |  | 20 | 13,664 | 0.37 | [0.31, 0.44] | 246.85*** | 92.3 |
 Others |  | 5 | 3316 | 0.27 | [0.20, 0.34] | 14.62** | 72.6 |