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Table 1 Study sample

From: The effect of special educational assistance in early childhood education and care on psycho-social difficulties in elementary school children

Variable

W/o SEA

With SEA

Total

Special educational assistance (SEA)

 Boy

1063 (63.8%)

586 (70.3%)

1649 (66%)

 Girl

602 (36.2%)

248 (29.7%)

850 (34%)

 Hours

0 (0, 0)

4.76 (1, 6)

1.59 (0, 1)

Developmental or behaviour problem (DBP) group

 ASD

11 (0.7%)

32 (3.8%)

43 (1.7%)

 LD

19 (1.1%)

63 (7.6%)

82 (3.3%)

 ADHD & Beh & Lang

12 (0.7%)

19 (2.3%)

31 (1.2%)

 ADHD & Lang

58 (3.5%)

85 (10.2%)

143 (5.7%)

 ADHD & Beh

108 (6.5%)

38 (4.6%)

146 (5.8%)

 ADHD

330 (19.8%)

71 (8.5%)

401 (16%)

 Lang

847 (50.9%)

486 (58.3%)

1333 (53.3%)

 Beh

280 (16.8%)

40 (4.8%)

320 (12.8%)

Psycho-social difficulties (PSD) at child age five

 Attention

6.03 (2, 9)

6.98 (2, 10)

6.34 (2, 9)

 Hyperactivity

4.67 (3, 6)

4.68 (3, 6)

4.67 (3, 6)

 Externalizing (CBCL)

3.98 (2, 6)

3.73 (1, 6)

3.9 (2, 6)

 Internalizing (CBCL)

2.01 (0, 3)

2.16 (0, 3)

2.06 (0, 3)

 Communication (CCC)

3.93 (2, 6)

4.76 (3, 7)

4.21 (2, 6)

 Development (ASQ)

1.34 (0, 2)

2.31 (1, 3)

1.67 (0, 2)

Psycho-social difficulties (PSD) at child age eight

 Attention (ATT, RS-DBD)

7.51 (4, 10)

8.3 (4, 12)

7.77 (4, 11)

 Hyperactivity (HYP, RS-DBD)

6.07 (2, 9)

5.77 (1, 8)

5.97 (2, 9)

 Oppositional (OPP, RS-DBD)

5.18 (2, 7)

4.44 (1, 6)

4.93 (2, 7)

 Mood (MOOD, SMFQ)

3.06 (1, 4)

2.96 (1, 4.75)

3.03 (1, 4)

 Anxiety (ANX, SCARED)

1.21 (0, 2)

1.22 (0, 2)

1.21 (0, 2)

 Communication (COMM, CCC)

7.75 (4, 11)

10.29 (5, 14)

8.6 (4, 12)

Maternal characteristics

 Education (years)

14.01 (12, 15)

13.98 (12, 16)

14 (12, 15)

 Age (years)

30.52 (27, 34)

30.82 (28, 34)

30.62 (28, 34)

 ADHD (ADHD-RS)

7.38 (5, 10)

7.15 (5, 9)

7.3 (5, 10)

 Depression (SCL-5)

2.53 (0, 4)

2.43 (0, 3)

2.5 (0, 3)

  1. ASD: Autism spectrum disorder; LD: Learning difficulties; Lang: Language problems; Beh: behaviour problems; SEA: special educational assistance. Abbreviations and original scales for PSD are given in parentheses (see Methods section for full names). Numbers in parentheses are percent or first and third quartile