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Table 1 Sample characteristics and lifetime prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in patients with eating disorders

From: Lifetime prevalence and clinical correlates of nonsuicidal self-injury in youth inpatients with eating disorders: a retrospective chart review

 

Total

(N = 382)

AN-R

(n = 242)

AN-BP

(n = 56)

BN

(n = 84)

ANOVA

Kruskal–Wallis-test

χ2-test

Tukey HSD

Mann–Whitney-U-test

Pairwise χ2-tests

 

M ± SD

Mdn (Q1,Q3)

n (%)

M ± SD

Mdn (Q1,Q3)

n (%)

M ± SD

Mdn (Q1,Q3)

n (%)

M ± SD

Mdn (Q1,Q3)

n (%)

df1

df2

F

H

χ2

p

d phi

AN-R vs. AN-BP

AN-BP vs. BN

BN vs. AN-R

Sex

–

–

–

–

2

1.7

0.426

0.07

–

–

–

 Female

371 (97.1)

233 (96.3)

55 (98.2)

83 (98.8)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

 Male

11 (2.9)

9 (3.7)

1 (1.8)

1 (1.2)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Age of ED onset, years

14.1 (13.2,15.3)

14.0 (12.9,15.0)

14.7 (13.6,15.9)

14.6 (13.5,15.7)

2

17.0

 < 0.001

0.41

0.001

0.501

0.002

At hospital admission

           

 Duration of illness, months

13.9  ± 12.5

11.6  ± 11.0

16.6  ± 15.1

19.1  ± 13.0

2,367

12.7

 < 0.001

0.53

0.015

0.471

 < 0.001

 Age, years

15.6 (14.3,16.7)

14.9 (13.8,16.3)

16.4 (15.3,17.1)

16.4 (15.5,17.2)

2

58.2

 < 0.001

0.83

 < 0.001

0.608

 < 0.001

 BMI percentiles

1.0 (1.0,5.0)

1.0 (1.0,1.0)

1.0 (1.0,2.0)

43.5 (19.5,73.5)

2

239.6

 < 0.001

2.67

0.062

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

At hospital discharge

           

 BMI percentiles

11.0 (6.0, 18.0)

10.0 (5.0,16.5)

10.0 (4.0,16.0)

38.8 (17.0,74.3)

2

53.8

 < 0.001

0.86

0.817

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Weight change, kg/week

0.5 (0.3,0.7)

0.5 (0.4,0.7)

0.5 (0.3,0.6)

− 0.0 (− 0.3,0.2)

2

80.4

 < 0.001

1.09

0.064

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

 Treatment duration, days

92.0  ± 50.9

96.6  ± 42.5

100.5  ± 50.2

72.8  ± 67.3

2,376

7.9

 < 0.001

0.41

0.853

0.004

0.001

Intelligence

 Above average

139 (36.4)

97 (40.1)

19 (33.9)

23 (27.4)

2

4.5

0.104

0.11

–

–

–

 Average

235 (61.5)

142 (58.7)

36 (64.3)

57 (67.9)

2

2.4

0.296

0.08

–

–

–

 Below average

8 (2.1)

3 (1.2)

1 (1.8)

4 (4.8)

2

3.8

0.149

0.10

–

–

–

Family psychopathology and history of childhood abuse

 Family psychopathology present

241 (63.1)

155 (64.0)

41 (73.2)

45 (53.6)

2

5.8

0.054

0.12

–

–

–

 Suicide (attempt) environment

38 (9.9)

24 (9.9)

7 (12.5)

7 (8.3)

2

0.7

0.722

0.04

–

–

–

 History of childhood abuse

44 (11.5)

15 (6.2)

11 (19.6)

18 (21.4)

2

18.4

 < 0.001

0.22

0.001

0.798

 < 0.001

  Emotional

18 (4.7)

5 (2.1)

4 (7.1)

9 (10.7)

2

11.3

0.004

0.17

0.068

0.563

0.002

  Physical

15 (3.9)

7 (2.9)

5 (8.9)

3 (3.6)

2

4.4

0.109

0.11

–

–

–

  Sexual

13 (3.4)

3 (1.2)

4 (7.1)

6 (7.1)

2

9.4

0.009

0.2

0.025

1.000

0.011

Psychiatric comorbidities at hospital admission

 Average number

0.0 (0.0,1.0)

0.0 (0.0,1.0)

1.0 (0.0,1.0)

1.0 (0.0,1.0)

2

23.0

 < 0.001

0.49

0.001

0.855

 < 0.001

 At least one

185 (48.4)

96 (39.7)

34 (60.7)

55 (65.5)

2

20.6

 < 0.001

0.23

0.004

0.566

 < 0.001

 Substance abuse

7 (1.8)

0 (0.0)

3 (5.4)

4 (4.8)

2

13.4

0.002

0.18

0.006

1.000

0.004

 Affective disorders, at least one

117 (30.6)

61 (25.2)

22 (39.3)

34 (40.5)

2

9.2

0.010

0.16

0.034

0.888

0.008

  Persistent affective disorder

62 (16.2)

26 (10.7)

13 (23.2)

23 (27.4)

2

15.0

0.001

0.20

0.013

0.581

 < 0.001

  Major depression

61 (16.0)

37 (15.3)

12 (21.4)

12 (14.3)

2

1.5

0.471

0.06

–

–

–

  Recurrent depressive episode

2 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.8)

1 (1.2)

2

3.7

0.157

0.10

–

–

–

 Anxiety disorders, at least one

11 (2.9)

8 (3.3)

2 (3.6)

1 (1.2)

2

1.1

0.574

0.05

–

–

–

  Phobia

8 (2.1)

6 (2.5)

1 (1.8)

1 (1.2)

2

0.5

0.765

0.04

–

–

–

  Panic disorder

4 (1.0)

2 (0.8)

1 (1.8)

1 (1.2)

2

0.4

0.808

0.03

–

–

–

  Mixed anxiety and depression

2 (0.5)

1 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.2)

2

1.1

0.586

0.05

–

–

–

  Generalized anxiety disorder

1 (0.3)

1 (0.4)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2

0.6

0.748

0.04

–

–

–

 Obsessive–compulsive disorder

30 (7.9)

23 (9.5)

5 (8.9)

2 (2.4)

2

4.5

0.107

0.11

–

–

–

 Adjustment disorder

7 (1.8)

5 (2.1)

1 (1.8)

1 (1.2)

2

0.3

0.875

0.03

–

–

–

 Post-traumatic stress disorder

2 (0.5)

1 (0.4)

1 (1.8)

0 (0.0)

2

2.2

0.331

0.08

–

–

–

 Personality disorder traits

48 (12.6)

13 (5.4)

10 (17.9)

25 (29.8)

2

35.4

 < 0.001

0.31

0.004

0.163

 < 0.001

  Borderline

27 (7.1)

3 (1.2)

7 (12.5)

17 (20.2)

2

37.2

 < 0.001

0.31

 < 0.001

0.336

 < 0.001

  Combined

7 (1.8)

2 (0.8)

1 (1.8)

4 (4.8)

2

5.3

0.068

0.12

–

–

–

  Histrionic

5 (1.3)

3 (1.2)

0 (0.0)

2 (2.4)

2

1.5

0.473

0.06

–

–

–

  Anankastic

4 (1.0)

4 (1.7)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2

2.3

0.311

0.08

–

–

–

  Anxious

3 (0.8)

1 (0.4)

1 (1.8)

1 (1.2)

2

1.3

0.515

0.06

–

–

–

  Mixed and other

2 (0.5)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.8)

1 (1.2)

2

3.7

0.157

0.10

–

–

–

 Disorders with onset in childhood/adolescence

7 (1.8)

4 (1.7)

1 (1.8)

2 (2.4)

2

0.2

0.912

0.02

–

–

–

Lifetime history of nonsuicidal self-injury, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts

 NSSI types, average number

0.0 (0.0,0.0)

0.0 (0.0,0.0)

0.0 (0.0,1.0)

0.0 (0.0,1.0)

2

10.5

0.005

0.97

 < 0.001

0.409

 < 0.001

 At least one type of NSSI

82 (21.5)

20 (8.3)

22 (39.3)

40 (47.6)

2

69.6

 < 0.001

0.43

 < 0.001

0.527

 < 0.001

  Cutting

71 (18.6)

14 (5.8)

21 (37.5)

36 (42.9)

2

72.1

 < 0.001

0.44

 < 0.001

0.527

 < 0.001

  Scratching

10 (2.6)

4 (1.7)

1 (1.8)

5 (6.0)

2

4.7

0.095

–

–

–

–

  Hitting

7 (1.8)

3 (1.2)

1 (1.8)

3 (3.6)

2

1.9

0.390

–

–

–

–

  Burning

4 (1.0)

1 (0.4)

2 (3.6)

1 (1.2)

2

4.4

0.111

–

–

–

–

 Suicidal ideation

117 (30.6)

48 (19.8)

25 (44.6)

44 (52.4)

2

37.2

 < 0.001

0.31

 < 0.001

0.370

 < 0.001

 Suicide attempt

13 (3.4)

4 (1.7)

5 (8.9)

4 (4.8)

2

7.9

0.019

0.14

0.014

0.484

0.211

Psychiatric medication prescription during treatment

 Average number

0.0 (0.0,1.0)

0.0 (0.0,0.0)

0.0 (0.0,1.0)

0 (0.0,0.8)

2

73.6

0.001

0.30

0.001

0.015

0.759

 At least one

101 (26.4)

56 (23.1)

24 (42.9)

21 (25.0)

2

9.2

0.010

0.16

0.003

0.027

0.730

  Antidepressants

76 (19.9)

36 (14.9)

21 (37.5)

19 (22.6)

2

15.1

0.001

0.20

 < 0.001

0.056

0.103

  Antipsychotics

51 (13.4)

32 (13.2)

12 (21.4)

7 (8.3)

2

5.0

0.082

0.11

–

–

–

  Anxiolytics

2 (0.5)

2 (0.8)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

2

1.2

0.559

0.06

–

–

–

  1. AN-BP: anorexia nervosa, binge-purge type, AN-R: AN, restricting type, BN: bulimia nervosa; disorders with onset in childhood/adolescence comprise asperger syndrome, combined disorder of conduct and emotions, conduct disorders, elective mutism emotional disorders of childhood, reactive attachment disorder, stutter, tics; intelligence: above average: IQ > 115, average: IQ 85–114, below average: IQ 70–84; zero cases scored within the intellectual disability range (IQ < 70); Mdn: median, NSSI: nonsuicidal self-injury, SD: standard deviation, significant p-values ≤ 0.05 and effect sizes ≥ 0.45 (≥ medium effect size) are bold
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Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

ISSN: 1753-2000