The validity of the residuals approach to measuring resilience to adverse childhood experiences

Cahill, Stephanie; Hager, Reinmar; Chandola, Tarani

doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00449-y

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

Table 4 Multivariate linear regression model of resilience predicted by resilience factors and demographic variables

From: The validity of the residuals approach to measuring resilience to adverse childhood experiences

Predictors	Resilience to SDQ total difficulties ~ resilience Factors & demographic variables
Predictors	β	std. Error	CI	t value	p
Intercept	− 21.85	2.49	− 26.94 to − 16.77	− 8.77	< 0.001
Social class IV—partly skilled	0.20	1.14	− 2.15 to 2.54	0.17	0.864
Social class IIINM—skilled non-manual	− 0.17	0.82	− 1.86 to 1.51	− 0.21	0.834
Social class IIIM—skilled manual	0.09	0.88	− 1.71 to 1.89	0.10	0.918
Social class II—managerial and technical	0.10	0.83	− 1.60 to 1.81	0.13	0.901
Social class I—professional	0.40	0.81	− 1.24 to 2.05	0.50	0.620
Maternal smoking (2nd trimester)	− 0.18	0.22	− 0.62 to 0.27	− 0.80	0.431
Birthweight (kg)	0.15	0.15	− 0.15 to 0.45	0.98	0.331
Maternal age (years)	− 0.01	0.02	− 0.04 to 0.02	− 0.71	0.482
Home ownership status birth (owned)	0.15	0.20	− 0.26 to 0.56	0.73	0.469
Marital status birth (married)	− 0.19	0.19	− 0.57 to 0.19	− 1.00	0.322
Parity (1)	0.93	0.15	0.63 to 1.23	6.20	< 0.001
Parity (2)	0.53	0.27	− 0.02 to 1.07	1.97	0.058
Parity (3)	0.92	0.34	0.23 to 1.60	2.70	0.010
Parity (4)	1.59	0.82	− 0.09 to 3.26	1.95	0.062
Parity (5 +)	0.60	1.12	− 1.71 to 2.91	0.54	0.596
Mum highest education—vocational	− 0.23	0.37	− 1.00 to 0.53	− 0.63	0.534
Mum highest education—O level	0.03	0.23	− 0.44 to 0.50	0.14	0.889
Mum highest education—A level	0.18	0.28	− 0.38 to 0.75	0.66	0.512
Mum highest education—degree	0.09	0.30	− 0.51 to 0.69	0.30	0.764
Ethnicity (BAME)	0.57	0.53	− 0.53 to 1.66	1.06	0.297
Maternal BMI (underweight)	− 0.51	0.31	− 1.14 to 0.12	− 1.64	0.109
Maternal BMI (overweight)	0.26	0.25	− 0.24 to 0.76	1.06	0.298
Maternal BMI (obese)	− 0.51	0.41	− 1.36 to 0.33	− 1.25	0.222
Partner highest education—vocational	0.08	0.33	− 0.60 to 0.76	0.24	0.815
Partner highest education—O level	0.02	0.27	− 0.52 to 0.57	0.08	0.937
Partner highest education—A level	− 0.11	0.27	− 0.67 to 0.45	− 0.40	0.689
Partner highest education—degree	− 0.04	0.32	− 0.68 to 0.61	− 0.11	0.912
Gestation (weeks)	− 0.04	0.04	− 0.13 to 0.05	− 0.90	0.373
Sex (Female)	− 0.24	0.16	− 0.56 to 0.07	− 1.56	0.129
Low IQ (70—79)	0.28	0.84	− 1.47 to 2.03	0.33	0.743
Low average IQ (80–89)	0.95	0.74	− 0.58 to 2.49	1.29	0.211
Average IQ (90–109)	1.19	0.79	− 0.44 to 2.82	1.52	0.143
High average IQ (110–119)	1.21	0.71	− 0.25 to 2.67	1.71	0.100
Very high IQ (120–129)	1.47	0.76	− 0.10 to 3.04	1.92	0.066
Exceptionally high IQ (130 +)	1.31	0.76	− 0.25 to 2.87	1.72	0.097
Reading speed (years)	− 0.01	0.05	− 0.12 to 0.10	− 0.16	0.872
Reading accuracy (years)	0.04	0.07	− 0.10 to 0.19	0.62	0.541
Reading comprehension (years)	0.21	0.07	0.06 to 0.35	2.80	0.008
Self esteem: global self-worth	0.08	0.03	0.01 to 0.14	2.25	0.033
Self esteem: scholastic competence	0.03	0.02	− 0.02 to 0.07	1.14	0.261
Locus of control—internalised	0.25	0.16	− 0.07 to 0.57	1.56	0.127
Mental flexibility—middle tertile	0.09	0.17	− 0.24 to 0.43	0.56	0.580
Mental flexibility—fastest tertile	− 0.02	0.17	− 0.36 to 0.33	− 0.09	0.928
Cognitive skills	2.75	0.86	0.97 to 4.53	3.18	0.004
Temperament	0.28	0.02	0.24 to 0.32	13.64	< 0.001
Grandparent attachment—Yes	− 0.04	0.15	− 0.33 to 0.26	− 0.25	0.803
Positive sibling relationship	0.05	0.02	0.02 to 0.09	2.90	0.007
School attendance (< 10 days off)	0.51	0.29	− 0.08 to 1.10	1.75	0.090
School perception	0.13	0.02	0.09 to 0.18	5.64	< 0.001
Religious engagement (Yes)	− 0.06	0.14	− 0.34 to 0.22	− 0.42	0.679
Extracurricular activities—Yes	0.54	0.14	0.26 to 0.82	3.89	< 0.001
Supportive friendships	0.04	0.04	− 0.05 to 0.12	0.96	0.347

Adjusted R² = 0.139 (0.116 – 0.164)

Back to article page

ISSN: 1753-2000

Contact us

Submission enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com